Skip to main content
Download PDF

Decreased expression of CDH1 or CTNNB1 affects poor prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer

World Journal of Surgical Oncology volume 14, Article number: 240 (2016) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

E-cadherin/CDH1 is one of the proteins involved in cell adhesion, and it is known that decreased expression of E-cadherin induces lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer. Beta catenin/CTNNB1, which is an important component of the Wnt signaling pathway, binds to E-cadherin at the cell membrane, where the complex of these two proteins functions in the stabilization of cell adhesion. However, its role in the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer is still unknown.

Methods

This study included 86 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent surgery between 1998 and 2007. The expression of the E-cadherin/CDH1 gene product (E-cadherin/CDH1) and that of the beta catenin/CTNNB1 protein in the cell membrane were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. We examined the correlations among CDH1 or CTNNB1 expression, clinicopathological factors, and the prognosis of patients with ESCC.

Results

CDH1 and CTNNB1 were expressed in 52.3 % (45/86) and 36.0 % (31/86) of tumor samples, respectively. Both CDH1 and CTNNB1 were co-expressed in 22.1 % (19/86) of esophageal cancer tissues. CDH1 expression correlated with the p-stage (stages I–II vs stages III–IV, p = 0.032), T factor (T1–2 vs T3–4, p = 0.0088), and lymphatic invasion (p = 0.019). However, CDH1 expression did not correlate with the N factor or the blood vessel invasion. CTNNB1 expression correlated with the T factor (T1–2 vs T3–4, p = 0.0015), p-stage (stages I–II vs stages III–IV, p = 0.030), and lymphatic invasion (p = 0.007). The CDH1(+)/CTNNB1(+) phenotype was inversely correlated with the T factor, N factor, p-stage, lymphatic invasion, and blood vessel invasion. Furthermore, patients whose tumors were double-positive for CDH1 and CTNNB1 had a significantly higher survival rate than those whose tumors were negative for CDH1 or CTNNB1 (log-rank test, p = 0.0192). The T factor and N factor had a strong negative correlation with double-positive tumors. These were both independent prognostic factors, as was the double-positive phenotype. A univariate analysis indicated that the T factor, the N factor, and CDH1 and CTNNB1 co-expression were significant variables that predicted survival (hazard ratio, 2.387; 95 % confidence interval, 1.115–5.102; p = 0.025).

Conclusions

Decreased expression of CDH1 or CTNNB1 in the cell membranes of cancer cells is associated with poor survival of patients with esophageal cancer.

Background

The prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer remains poor, which highlights the need for the development of new treatment strategies. Today, the overall 5-year survival rate is less than 50 % despite the use of multimodal therapies. To develop novel treatment strategies, it is important to understand the biological behavior of esophageal cancer. Recent studies have found that several genes and molecules are involved in the origin and/or progression of esophageal cancer, including TP53 [1], deleted in esophageal cancer 1 (DEC1) [2], deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) [3], deleted in lung cancer 1 (DLC1) [4], cyclinD1 [5], and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) [6]. However, the precise mechanisms that underlie the development and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are still unclear.

The E-cadherin/CDH1 gene product is a transmembrane protein that is involved in cell adhesion in normal epithelia [7–9]. E-cadherin is also involved in the stabilization of cell adhesion in normal cells and in signal transduction through connections with beta catenin [10]. Beta catenin/CTNNB1, which is a major component of the Wnt signaling pathway, plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of various malignancies. Beta catenin also functions in cell-to-cell adhesion [11–14].

Decreased expression of CDH1 is associated with the poor prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer [15, 16]. However, the involvement of decreased expression of CTNNB1 at the cell membrane is unclear in metastasis, and the progression of esophageal cancer is unclear.

In this paper, we investigated the clinicopathological significance of CDH1 and CTNNB1 protein expression in the cell membrane and the relation between the co-expression of CDH1 and CTNNB1 in 86 patients with resectable ESCC.

Methods

Tissue samples

Samples were obtained from 86 patients with ESCC who underwent surgery at the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Medical School between 1997 and 2005. None of the patients received pre-operative chemotherapy or radiation. The tumors were classified according to the sixth UICC guidelines for clinical and pathological studies on carcinoma of the esophagus. R0/R1 resection was performed on all patients. T4 cases included combined resection of 6 pleuras, 3 pericardia, 11 thoracic ducts, and 4 tracheas because of the invasion of the structure. Stage IV cases included 20 M1a (cervical lymph node metastasis of Ut cases and celiac lymph node metastasis of Lt) and 14M1b (10 non-regional lymph node metastases of Mt cases and 4 lung metastases). We performed combined resection of the partial lung in lung metastasis cases.

Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemical staining was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary human ESCC tissues using monoclonal anti-E-cadherin (Dako, CA, USA) or anti-beta catenin antibodies (BD Biosciences, Lexington, KY, USA) at dilutions of 1:50 and 1:500, respectively. Paraffin-embedded sections of tumors were deparaffinized, rehydrated, heat-treated by microwaving in 10 mM citrate buffer for 15 min for antigen retrieval, and cooled to room temperature. The sections were then treated with 0.3 % H2O2 in methanol for 30 min to neutralize endogenous peroxidase activity, after which the sections were blocked with normal goat serum for 10 min. Next, the slides were incubated with antibody H-100 overnight at room temperature in a humidified chamber. Immunoreactive proteins were detected by a DAKO Envision System using HRP and DAB, which was followed by a hematoxylin counterstain. Immunostaining for E-cadherin/CDH1 and beta catenin/CTNNB1 was subjectively assessed by two independent investigators (HI and TT), and discordant results were resolved by consultation with a third investigator (TW). In regard to the evaluation of CDH1 expression, immunostaining was considered positive only when unequivocally strong staining of the cell membrane was present in more than 50 % of the tumor cells, as analyzed by light microscopy. Cases with only faint staining were regarded as negative. For the evaluation of CTNNB1 expression, immunostaining was scored as positive only when unequivocally strong staining of the cell membrane was present in more than 50 % of the tumor cells similar to CDH1. Cases with only faint staining were regarded as negative.

Statistical analysis

The chi-squared test was used to compare the correlations between clinicopathological factors and the expression of CDH1 and CTNNB1. The cumulative survival rates were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method and were compared by the Cox-Mantel test. A multivariate analysis by the Cox proportional hazard risk model was used to obtain the conditional risk of death due to ESCC. Differences were considered statistically significant when p values were less than 0.05.

Results

The correlation of clinicopathological factors with the expression of CDH1 and CTNNB1

First, we investigated the expression of the CDH1 and CTNNB1 proteins in ESCC tissues by immunohistochemistry. Representative images of cancer tissues immunostained for CDH1 and CTNNB1 are shown in Fig. 1a, b and in Fig. 2a, b, respectively. In normal tissue, both CDH1 and CTNNB1 are strongly expressed. Typical positive cells showed diffuse staining of CDH1 and CTNNB1 in the cell membrane. Immunostaining for CDH1 and CTNNB1 was positive in 52.3 % (45/86) and 36.0 % (31/86) of patients, respectively (Table 1). CDH1 expression correlated with the p-stage (stages I–II vs stages III–IV, p = 0.032), T factor (T1–2 vs T3–4, p = 0.0088), and lymphatic invasion (p = 0.019). However, it did not correlate with the N factor or the v factor. CTNNB1 expression correlated with the p-stage (stages I–II vs stages III–IV, p = 0.030) and Ly factor (p = 0.007) (Table 1). Both CDH1 and CTNNB1 were co-expressed in 22.1 % (19/86) of esophageal cancer tissues. The CDH1(+)/CTNNB1(+) phenotype was inversely correlated with the T factor, N factor, p-stage, lymphatic invasion, and blood vessel invasion (Table 2). Additionally, no correlations were observed between the expression of CDH1 and that of CTNNB1 (data not shown).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Representative immunostains for CDH1 (×100). a Negative CDH1 staining in the cell membrane of tumor cells. b Positive CDH1 staining in the cell membrane of tumor cells. c Expression of CDH1 in normal esophageal mucosa. d Kaplan-Meier survival curve for patients with esophageal cancer whose tumors were classified as either positive or negative for CDH1 expression by IHC. CDH1 status did not demonstrate a significant (log-rank, p = 0.1289) relation with patient survival

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Representative immunostains for CTNNB1 (×100). a Negative CTNNB1 staining in the cell membrane of tumor cells. b Positive CTNNB1 staining in the cell membrane of tumor cells. c Expression of CTNNB1 in normal esophageal mucosa. d Kaplan-Meier survival curve for patients with esophageal cancer whose tumors were classified as either positive or negative for CTNNB1 by IHC. CTNNB1 status did not demonstrate a significant (log-rank, p = 0.1743) relation with patient survival

Full size image
Table 1 Correlation of CDH1 and CTNNB1 expression by IHC with clinicopathological factors, including patient and tumor characteristics, in esophageal cancer
Full size table
Table 2 Correlation of CDH1 and CTNNB1 expression by IHC with clinicopathological factors, including patient and tumor characteristics, in esophageal cancer
Full size table

Survival curves and the expression of CDH1 and CTNNB1

Next, we investigated the correlation between positive staining for CDH1 and CTNNB1 and the survival of patients with ESCC after surgery. Neither CDH1 nor CTNNB1 exerted a significant effect on patient survival (Figs. 1d and 2d). Indeed, patients whose tumors were positive for CDH1 by IHC did not demonstrate a significantly longer survival after surgery than patients whose tumors were negative (26.7 ± 2.29 months (n = 45) vs 20.9 ± 2.59 months (n = 41), respectively; p = 0.1289 by Log-rank test; Fig. 1d). Moreover, no significant differences were observed with respect to survival after surgery between patients whose tumors were positive and patients whose tumors were negative for CTNNB1 (27.9 ± 2.97 months (n = 31) vs 21.5 ± 2.07 months (n = 55), respectively; p = 0.1743 by Log-rank test; Fig. 2d). However, the co-expression of CDH1 and CTNNB1 was associated with a significantly longer survival after surgery compared with patients with negative tumors (p = 0.0192) (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure 3

a Kaplan-Meier survival curve for patients with esophageal cancer whose tumors were classified as either positive or negative for CDH1 and CTNNB1 expression by IHC. Double-positive staining status was found to be strongly associated (log-rank, p = 0.0192) with patient survival

Full size image

A univariate analysis showed that, among the clinicopathological factors examined in this study, the extent of the primary tumor (risk ratio, 6.289; p < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (risk ratio, 5.812; p < 0.001), lymphatic invasion (risk ratio, 5.917; p = 0.003), blood vessel invasion (risk ratio, 3.135; p = 0.002), and positive immunostaining for CDH and CTNNB1 (risk ratio, 2.387; p = 0.025) were statistically significant prognostic factors (Table 3). A multivariate analysis revealed that CDH1 and CTNNB1 expression was not an independent prognostic factor (data not shown).

Table 3 Univariate analysis
Full size table

Discussion

The loss of cellular adhesion results in increased invasiveness and metastatic ability of various types of cancer cells. Reduced cellular adhesion has been linked to susceptibility to cancer in some cell types. CDH1 and CTNNB1 are two of the most important determinants of cell polarity and intercellular adhesion. Additionally, the CDH1 and CTNNB1 complex is involved in the maintenance of cell-cell adhesion [10]. In normal cells, the complex is localized to the cell membrane [17, 18]. Consistent with this finding, our current experiments showed that both CDH1 and CTNNB1 were expressed in the cell membrane in noncancerous cells (Figs. 1c and 2c). Reduced expression of the cadherin-catenin complex in various carcinomas has been reported, and the decreased expression of these proteins has been found to be correlated with high grade and advanced tumor stage, including esophageal carcinoma [10, 19].

However, it is still unclear how CDH1 expression is regulated in ESCC. Some factors such as hypermethylation [20], microRNA [21, 22], and PDX1 expression [23], which have been shown to regulate the expression of CDH1, should be investigated in future studies.

The cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of CTNNB1 is controlled by Wnt-1, APC, and axis inhibitor 1/AXIN1 [24, 25]. Most of the mutations in APC result in a truncated APC protein, which can form a complex with but cannot degrade CTNNB1 [24, 26]. The CTNNB1 level in the nucleus may also be increased by mutations in the CTNNB1 gene itself, which may interfere with normal protein degradation [27, 28]. Thus, a number of mechanisms result in an increased level of CTNNB1, including mutations in the CTNNB1 gene and truncated APC [27, 28]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the mechanism by which CTNNB1 expression is decreased in the cell membrane is still unclear. Few mutations in CTNNB1 and APC occur in the setting of esophageal cancer [29, 30]. We previously reported that the accumulation of CTNNB1 in the nucleus occurs infrequently in esophageal cancer [31].

The CDH1 gene and the CTNNB1 gene are localized to human chromosomes 16q22.11 [32] and 3p21 [33], respectively. Many studies have suggested that the CDH1 locus (16q) and the CTNNB1 locus (3p) may harbor tumor suppressor genes for prostate cancer [34] and bladder cancer [35]. Therefore, the loss of CDH1 may also contribute to the development of many other types of cancers. Further studies are required to determine whether chromosomal losses occurred in the CDH1 and CTNNB1 loci in the esophageal tumor tissues that were examined in this study.

We analyzed the expression of CDH1 and CTNNB1 by immunohistochemistry. While our results suggested that CDH1 or CTNNB1 expression alone did not affect the prognosis of patients, whether CDH1 and CTNNB1 expression may serve as a good prognostic marker in esophageal cancer is still controversial. In the meta-analysis, there are two reports that CDH1 expression alone is a valid prognostic marker [36] and aberrant CTNNB1 alone is a prognostic factor [37]. Our data suggested that CDH alone or CTNNB1 alone did not affect the prognosis of the patients with esophageal cancer, though we could not clarify the discrepancy between their data and ours.

Some clinical studies have reported that CDH1 expression is an indicator of poor prognosis or malignant potential in gastric cancer [38], breast cancer [39], and non-small cell lung cancer [40].

In this study, we found that the decreased expression of CDH1 or CTNNB1 in the cell membrane in cancer tissues accompanied the local progression and lymph node metastasis of esophageal cancer (Table 2). In addition, patients with lower CDH1 or CTNNB1 expression had a poorer prognosis (Fig. 3). Our data suggested co-expression of CDH1 and CTNNB1 in the cell membrane might be needed for cell stability because cell instability often causes malignant change of the cancer cell.

In patients with esophageal cancer, many prognostic markers, including cyclinD1 and mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), have been reported [41, 42]. Furthermore, we have also reported that survivin [43], pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) [44], DNA fragmentation factor 45 (DFF45) [45], and DROSHA [46] may be prognostic markers of ESCC. Thus, the decreased expression of CDH1 or CTNNB1 represents an additional potential prognostic indicator for patients with ESCC.

Although the precise molecular mechanisms through which CDH1 or CTNNB1 is downregulated still need to be clarified, our data clearly indicated that the downregulation of CDH1 or CTNNB1 may be a prognostic marker for ESCC. Finally, these proteins may serve as molecular targets for the development of effective therapeutic agents for patients with esophageal cancer.

Conclusions

Decreased expression of CDH1 or CTNNB1 in the cell membranes of cancer cells is associated with poor survival of patients with esophageal cancer.

Abbreviations

APC, adenomatous polyposis coli; AXIN1, axis inhibitor 1; CDH1, cadherin 1; CTNNB1, catenin, beta-1; DCC, deleted in colorectal cancer; DEC1, deleted in esophageal cancer 1; DFF45, DNA fragmentation factor 45; DLC1, deleted in lung cancer 1; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; MDM2, mouse double minute 2 homolog; PTTG1, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1

References

  1. Robert V, Michel P, Flaman JM, Chiron A, Martin C, Charbonnier F, Paillot B, Frebourg T. High frequency in esophageal cancers of p53 alterations inactivating the regulation of genes involved in cell cycle and apoptosis. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21:563–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Nishiwaki T, Daigo Y, Kawasoe T, Nakamura Y. Isolation and mutational analysis of a novel human cDNA, DEC1 (deleted in esophageal cancer 1), derived from the tumor suppressor locus in 9q32. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2000;27:169–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Miyake S, Nagai K, Yoshino K, Oto M, Endo M, Yuasa Y. Point mutations and allelic deletion of tumor suppressor gene DCC in human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and their relation to metastasis. Cancer Res. 1994;54:3007–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Daigo Y, Nishiwaki T, Kawasoe T, Tamari M, Tsuchiya E, Nakamura Y. Molecular cloning of a candidate tumor suppressor gene, DLC1, from chromosome 3p21.3. Cancer Res. 1999;59:1966–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Jiang W, Zhang YJ, Kahn SM, Hollstein MC, Santella RM, Lu SH, Harris CC, Montesano R, Weinstein IB. Altered expression of the cyclin D1 and retinoblastoma genes in human esophageal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:9026–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Boynton RF, Blount PL, Yin J, Brown VL, Huang Y, Tong Y, McDaniel T, Newkirk C, Resau JH, Raskind WH, et al. Loss of heterozygosity involving the APC and MCC genetic loci occurs in the majority of human esophageal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:3385–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Takeichi M. The cadherin cell adhesion receptor family: roles in multicellular organization and neurogenesis. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1994;390:145–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rimm DL, Morrow JS. Molecular cloning of human E-cadherin suggests a novel subdivision of the cadherin superfamily. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994;200:1754–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Damsky CH, Richa J, Solter D, Knudsen K, Buck CA. Identification and purification of a cell surface glycoprotein mediating intercellular adhesion in embryonic and adult tissue. Cell. 1983;34:455–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Krishnadath KK, Tilanus HW, van Blankenstein M, Hop WC, Kremers ED, Dinjens WN, Bosman FT. Reduced expression of the cadherin-catenin complex in oesophageal adenocarcinoma correlates with poor prognosis. J Pathol. 1997;182:331–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Nusse R, Varmus HE. Wnt genes. Cell. 1992;69:1073–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. van den Heuvel M, Nusse R, Johnston P, Lawrence PA. Distribution of the wingless gene product in Drosophila embryos: a protein involved in cell-cell communication. Cell. 1989;59:739–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wieschaus E, Riggleman R. Autonomous requirements for the segment polarity gene armadillo during Drosophila embryogenesis. Cell. 1987;49:177–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Nakamura Y. Cleaning up on beta-catenin. Nat Med. 1997;3:499–500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhao XJ, Li H, Chen H, Liu YX, Zhang LH, Liu SX, Feng QL. Expression of e-cadherin and beta-catenin in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: relationships with prognosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:225–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Inada S, Koto T, Futami K, Arima S, Iwashita A. Evaluation of malignancy and the prognosis of esophageal cancer based on an immunohistochemical study (p53, E-cadherin, epidermal growth factor receptor). Surg Today. 1999;29:493–503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Valizadeh A, Karayiannakis AJ, el-Hariry I, Kmiot W, Pignatelli M. Expression of E-cadherin-associated molecules (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenins and p120) in colorectal polyps. Am J Pathol. 1997;150:1977–84.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Takayama T, Shiozaki H, Shibamoto S, Oka H, Kimura Y, Tamura S, Inoue M, Monden T, Ito F, Monden M. Beta-catenin expression in human cancers. Am J Pathol. 1996;148:39–46.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Nakanishi Y, Ochiai A, Akimoto S, Kato H, Watanabe H, Tachimori Y, Yamamoto S, Hirohashi S. Expression of E-cadherin, alpha-catenin, beta-catenin and plakoglobin in esophageal carcinomas and its prognostic significance: immunohistochemical analysis of 96 lesions. Oncology. 1997;54:158–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Li G, Liu Y, Yin H, Zhang X, Mo X, Tang J, Chen W. E-cadherin gene promoter hypermethylation may contribute to the risk of bladder cancer among Asian populations. Gene. 2014;534:48–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Tryndyak VP, Beland FA, Pogribny IP. E-cadherin transcriptional down-regulation by epigenetic and microRNA-200 family alterations is related to mesenchymal and drug-resistant phenotypes in human breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 2010;126:2575–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Saydam O, Shen Y, Wurdinger T, Senol O, Boke E, James MF, Tannous BA, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Yi M, Stephens RM, et al. Downregulated microRNA-200a in meningiomas promotes tumor growth by reducing E-cadherin and activating the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:5923–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Marty-Santos L, Cleaver O. Pdx1 regulates pancreas tubulogenesis and E-cadherin expression. Development. 2016;143:101–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Nakamura Y. The role of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene in human cancers. Adv Cancer Res. 1993;62:65–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Satoh S, Daigo Y, Furukawa Y, Kato T, Miwa N, Nishiwaki T, Kawasoe T, Ishiguro H, Fujita M, Tokino T, et al. AXIN1 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas, and growth suppression in cancer cells by virus-mediated transfer of AXIN1. Nat Genet. 2000;24:245–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Munemitsu S, Albert I, Souza B, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P. Regulation of intracellular beta-catenin levels by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor-suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:3046–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Morin PJ, Sparks AB, Korinek V, Barker N, Clevers H, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in beta-catenin or APC. Science. 1997;275:1787–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Rubinfeld B, Robbins P, El-Gamil M, Albert I, Porfiri E, Polakis P. Stabilization of beta-catenin by genetic defects in melanoma cell lines. Science. 1997;275:1790–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Powell SM, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Smolinski KN, Meltzer SJ. APC gene mutations in the mutation cluster region are rare in esophageal cancers. Gastroenterology. 1994;107:1759–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Choi YW, Heath EI, Heitmiller R, Forastiere AA, Wu TT. Mutations in beta-catenin and APC genes are uncommon in esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol. 2000;13:1055–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kudo J, Nishiwaki T, Haruki N, Ishiguro H, Shibata Y, Terashita Y, Sugiura H, Shinoda N, Kimura M, Kuwabara Y, Fujii Y. Aberrant nuclear localization of beta-catenin without genetic alterations in beta-catenin or Axin genes in esophageal cancer. World J Surg Oncol. 2007;5:21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Berx G, Staes K, van Hengel J, Molemans F, Bussemakers MJ, van Bokhoven A, van Roy F. Cloning and characterization of the human invasion suppressor gene E-cadherin (CDH1). Genomics. 1995;26:281–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kraus C, Liehr T, Hulsken J, Behrens J, Birchmeier W, Grzeschik KH, Ballhausen WG. Localization of the human beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) to 3p21: a region implicated in tumor development. Genomics. 1994;23:272–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Williams JL, Greer PA, Squire JA. Recurrent copy number alterations in prostate cancer: an in silico meta-analysis of publicly available genomic data. Cancer Genet. 2014;207:474–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Chan MW, Hui AB, Yip SK, Ng CF, Lo KW, Tong JH, Chan AW, Cheung HY, Wong WS, Chan PS, et al. Progressive increase of genetic alteration in urinary bladder cancer by combined allelotyping analysis and comparative genomic hybridization. Int J Oncol. 2009;34:963–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Xu XL, Ling ZQ, Chen SZ, Li B, Ji WH, Mao WM. The impact of E-cadherin expression on the prognosis of esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus. 2014;27:79–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Zeng R, Duan L, Kong YK, Wu XL, Wang Y, Xin G, Yang KH. Prognostic significance of beta-catenin expression in patients with esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15:6103–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Di Bartolomeo M, Pietrantonio F, Pellegrinelli A, Martinetti A, Mariani L, Daidone MG, Bajetta E, Pelosi G, de Braud F, Floriani I, Miceli R. Osteopontin, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin expression as prognostic biomarkers in patients with radically resected gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2015.

  39. Liang Z, Sun XY, Xu LC, Fu RZ. Abnormal expression of serum soluble E-cadherin is correlated with clinicopathological features and prognosis of breast cancer. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:2776–82.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Yang YL, Chen MW, Xian L. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of downregulated E-cadherin expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e99763.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Itami A, Shimada Y, Watanabe G, Imamura M. Prognostic value of p27(Kip1) and CyclinD1 expression in esophageal cancer. Oncology. 1999;57:311–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Shimada Y, Imamura M, Shibagaki I, Tanaka H, Miyahara T, Kato M, Ishizaki K. Genetic alterations in patients with esophageal cancer with short- and long-term survival rates after curative esophagectomy. Ann Surg. 1997;226:162–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Kato J, Kuwabara Y, Mitani M, Shinoda N, Sato A, Toyama T, Mitsui A, Nishiwaki T, Moriyama S, Kudo J, Fujii Y. Expression of survivin in esophageal cancer: correlation with the prognosis and response to chemotherapy. Int J Cancer. 2001;95:92–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Shibata Y, Haruki N, Kuwabara Y, Nishiwaki T, Kato J, Shinoda N, Sato A, Kimura M, Koyama H, Toyama T, et al. Expression of PTTG (pituitary tumor transforming gene) in esophageal cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2002;32:233–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Konishi S, Ishiguro H, Shibata Y, Kudo J, Terashita Y, Sugiura H, Koyama H, Kimura M, Sato A, Shinoda N, et al. Decreased expression of DFF45/ICAD is correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 2002;95:2473–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Sugito N, Ishiguro H, Kuwabara Y, Kimura M, Mitsui A, Kurehara H, Ando T, Mori R, Takashima N, Ogawa R, Fujii Y. RNASEN regulates cell proliferation and affects survival in esophageal cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:7322–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Ms. Seiko Inumaru for her excellent technical assistance.

Funding

The authors have no kind of profit from any fund.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analyzed during the current study are not publicly available because we would like to use it for the comparison between another molecule and CDH1. However, the datasets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors’ contributions

HI analyzed the IHC and was a major contributor of this manuscript. TW was a third investigator of the IHC assessment. YT and NS made the slides of esophageal cancer tissue. TT was an investigator of IHC. KM carried out the statistical analysis. HS and TO performed the surgery. HT was a second contributor of this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

We do not have any individual person’s data in our manuscript. Therefore, we state “Not applicable.”

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The authors declare that this study was approved by the ethical committee on human gene research of our institution (No. 71).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan

    Hideyuki Ishiguro, Takehiro Wakasugi, Yukio Terashita, Nobuhiro Sakamoto, Tatsuya Tanaka, Koji Mizoguchi, Hiroyuki Sagawa, Tomotaka Okubo & Hiromitsu Takeyama

Authors
  1. Hideyuki Ishiguro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Takehiro Wakasugi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yukio Terashita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nobuhiro Sakamoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tatsuya Tanaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Koji Mizoguchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hiroyuki Sagawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Tomotaka Okubo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Hiromitsu Takeyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hideyuki Ishiguro.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ishiguro, H., Wakasugi, T., Terashita, Y. et al. Decreased expression of CDH1 or CTNNB1 affects poor prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer. World J Surg Onc 14, 240 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-016-0956-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-016-0956-8

Keywords

World Journal of Surgical Oncology

ISSN: 1477-7819

Contact us