Skip to main content
Download PDF

Is neuroendocrine differentiation a prognostic factor in poorly differentiated colorectal cancer?

World Journal of Surgical Oncology volume 15, Article number: 71 (2017) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

To determine the prognostic relevance of neuroendocrine differentiation in poorly differentiated colorectal cancer.

Methods

The clinicopathological features and survival of 70 patients with poorly differentiated colorectal cancer were analyzed retrospectively. Chromogranin A and synaptophysin were used as neuroendocrine markers. Patients were followed-up for more than 3 years or until death.

Results

Of these 70 patients, 36 showed neuroendocrine differentiation. In univariate prognostic analysis, the patients with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), advanced TNM stage (P < 0.001), and neuroendocrine differentiation (P = 0.003) tended to have a poor prognosis. However, only lymph node metastasis was associated with a poor prognosis in multivariate analysis (P < 0.001). Patients with neuroendocrine differentiation were associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.006).

Conclusions

Neuroendocrine differentiation in poorly differentiated colorectal cancer was not a direct prognostic factor in these patients. Lymph node metastasis was a direct prognostic factor in these patients. Patients with neuroendocrine differentiation were associated with lymph node metastasis.

Background

Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) has been observed in cancers of several non-neuroendocrine organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. Many studies have evaluated the clinical prognostic value of NED in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, conflicting data exist in these studies. In the study by Mori et al. [1], NED did not influence patient prognosis. Similarly, Lloyd et al. [2] showed that, in 289 patients, NED did not influence prognosis in moderately differentiated colorectal carcinomas. In contrast, in recent years, studies have revealed that NED does influence patient prognosis. Bernick et al. [3] studied 38 CRC patients with NED and found that the prognosis of these patients was poor. Similar findings were reported in a meta-analysis by Zeng et al. [4]. Intriguingly, some studies have indicated that CRC with NED was correlated with liver metastasis and advanced tumor stages [3, 5].

Poorly differentiated colorectal cancer (PDCRC) comprises 5 to 25% of all CRCs [6–9]. It is known that PDCRC is usually associated with a poor prognosis. NED is often found in PDCRC [5]. The prognosis of PDCRC with NED is currently still unclear. Here, we preliminarily studied whether NED was a prognostic factor in patients with PDCRC.

Methods

Patients

Between 2008 and 2012, 70 patients with primary PDCRC who underwent radical resection were analyzed retrospectively. All patients with TNM II and III tumors, according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union International control Cancer (AJCC/UICC) tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system, received adjuvant therapy after surgery. Histology specimens were evaluated by two senior pathologists, and the diagnosis of PDCRC was confirmed in all patients. Patients who died perioperatively and those with distant organ metastasis or secondary malignancy were excluded.

Immunohistochemistry

Hematoxylin and eosin-stained specimens from each patient were available for review. In addition, each specimen was analyzed for the biological markers of NED, synaptophysin (Syn), and chromogranin A (CgA) by immunohistochemistry. The number of Syn or CgA immunoreactive cells was determined using an eyepiece at high-power field (HPF). Immunoreactive cells were counted in at least ten most concentrated areas of tumor cells, and the results were presented as the mean number of immunoreactive cells per HPF. When no immunoreactive tumor cells for CgA and Syn were noted in all tumor fields, the tumor was classified as NED(−). Moreover, when ≥1 tumor cells/HPF were positive for CgA and/or Syn, the tumor was classified as NED(+) [10–12]. Furthermore, NED(+) tumors were assigned to three subgroups based on the presence of immunoreactive cells per HPF: subgroup 1(SG1) had less than 10% immunoreactive cells of the total number of cells per HPF; subgroup 2(SG2) had 10–20% immunoreactive cells; subgroup 3(SG3) had more than 20% immunoreactive cells. According to the 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) classification, specimens with more than 30% immunoreactive cells were classified as mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC), and these patients were excluded from the study.

Statistics

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 16.0). Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to investigate correlations of clinicopathological features between the NED(+) and NED(−) groups. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression. Overall survival was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Statistical significance between the survival curves of clinicopathological features was calculated by the log rank test. Significant variables were then examined by multivariate analysis using the Cox model. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

General information

Seventy patients (36 males and 34 females) were diagnosed with PDCRC, including 36 (51.4%) NED(+) patients and 34 (48.6%) NED(−) patients. The mean age was 60.2 years (range: 36–86 years). Of these patients, 2 had stage I cancer, 17 had stage II, and 51 had stage III, which included 45 cases of colon cancer and 25 cases of rectal cancer. The median survival time of these patients was 47.656 months. Thirty-nine of 70 patients died during the follow-up period.

Prognostic factors of PDCRC

Survival analyses were based on 70 patients with complete follow-up data. Overall mean survival time was 47.656 months (95% confidence interval: 38.557–56.755) and 3-year overall survival (3-year OS) was 0.469 ± 0.060.

In these PDCRC cases, the patients with N stage(+) (P < 0.001), advanced TNM stage (P < 0.001), and NED(+) (P = 0.003) tended to have a poor prognosis(Fig. 1). However, there was no significant difference in 3-year OS in terms of age, gender, tumor location, lymph nodes retrieved ,and T stage (Table 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Prognostic analysis of clinicopathological factors for overall survival in PDCRC. a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of N0 and N1 + N2 patients. The patients with N stage(+) tended to have a poor prognosis (P < 0.001). b Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of TNM stage I, II, and III patients. The patients with advanced TNM stage tended to have a poor prognosis (P < 0.001). c Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of NED(−) and NED(+) patients. The patients with NED(+) tended to have a poor prognosis (P = 0.003)

Full size image
Table 1 Prognostic analysis of clinicopathological factors for overall survival in poor differentiated colorectal cancer patients
Full size table

In multivariate analysis using the Cox model, only lymph node metastasis (LNM) was associated with a poor prognosis (P < 0.001) (Table 1).

Moreover, by stratification analysis based on the degree of NED, we analyzed the prognosis of SGs1, 2, and 3. Interestingly, with the increasing presence of immunoreactive cells, the subgroup with higher expression tended to have a poor prognosis. However, this trend did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Prognostic analysis of SGs 1, 2, and 3 for overall survival in NED(+) patients. There were no significant differences among three subgroups (P = 0.375)

Full size image

Clinicopathological features and neuroendocrine differentiation

Univariate analysis revealed that N stage (P = 0.010) and TNM stage (P = 0.018) had correlation with NED. Furthermore, in multivariate analysis, only N stage was associated with NED (P = 0.006). There was no significant association between NED and age, gender, tumor location, lymph nodes retrieved, and T stage (Table 2).

Table 2 Correlation between clinicopathological factors and neuroendocrine differentiation
Full size table

Discussion

In a previous study, the incidence of NED in PDCRC was 41.5% [12]. In our study, the incidence was 51.4%, which was close to that in Liu’s study. Since NED is quite common in PDCRC, it is important to study the influence of NED in PDCRC patients.

There is controversy regarding the prognostic significance of NED in CRC [1–4, 13–15]. In our study, there were statistically significant differences in 3-year OS in terms of N stage, TNM stage, and NED in patients with PDCRC. Multivariate analysis indicated that N stage(+) was a significant negative prognostic factor for 3-year OS, which was not surprising as this parameter is a well-known marker with prognostic relevance [16–19]. In a previous study, de Bruine et al. [14] suggested that adenocarcinomas with NED tended to exhibit early LNM, which was similar to the results in our correlation analysis. We found that patients with NED were associated with LNM. Therefore, it may be deduced that NED, which might influent LNM, affected the prognosis of patients with PDCRC, rather than being a direct prognostic factor in these patients. In many studies, there were differences in the proportion of patients with LNM due to small sample sizes [1–4, 13–15]. Therefore, this may be the reason why there is controversy regarding the prognostic significance of NED in CRC. Moreover, the biological mechanisms underlying PDCRC with NED and metastasis remain unclear. It is known that neuroendocrine differentiated cells secrete neurohormonal substances by the autocrine or paracrine loop. In a previous study, biogenic amines and polypeptide hormones played a role in the growth regulation of normal and neoplastic intestinal epithelia [20]. Hypothetically, NED could stimulate growth and metastatic capacity through the secretion of neurohormonal substances.

Moreover, by further stratified analysis, we found that prognoses of three subgroups did not reach statistical significance. But, the subgroup with higher expression tended to have a poor prognosis. This might be due to small sample size in our study. Therefore, further investigations are required to confirm this hypothesis.

TNM staging is a classic staging method used to predict survival. However, with the development of molecular medicine, TNM staging may be less reliable in predicting survival, as shown in the research by Eschrich et al. They argued that molecular staging might provide an accurate prognosis for cancer patients [21]. Our data indicated that patients with NED were associated with LNM. Therefore, NED may be an important factor in molecular staging. Several studies had indicated that the neuroendocrine phenotype was associated with increased chemosensitivity in lung cancer [22, 23] and in colorectal cell lines [24]. Therefore, NED might also be helpful in the therapy of CRC. Further investigations are required in this area.

Conclusions

NED is a common event in PDCRC. NED in PDCRC is not a direct prognostic factor in these patients. LNM is a direct prognostic factor in these patients. Patients with NED were associated with LNM. Moreover, NED, which might influent LNM, affected the prognosis of patients with PDCRC. Further research on this important issue is required.

Abbreviations

3-year OS:

3-year overall survival

AJCC/UICC:

American Joint Committee on Cancer/ Union for International Cancer Control

CgA:

Chromogranin A

CRC:

Colorectal cancer

HPF:

High-power field

LNM:

Lymph node metastasis

MANEC:

Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma

NED:

Neuroendocrine differentiation

PDCRC:

Poorly differentiated colorectal cancer

SG1:

Subgroup 1

SG2:

Subgroup 2

SG3:

Subgroup 3

Syn:

Synaptophysin

TNM:

Tumor-node-metastasis

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  1. Mori M, Mimori K, Kamakura T, Adachi Y, Ikeda Y, Sugimachi K. Chromogranin positive cells in colorectal carcinoma and transitional mucosa. J Clin Pathol. 1995;48:754–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Lloyd RV, Schroeder G, Bauman MD, Krook JE, Jin L, Goldberg RM, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of neuroendocrine differentiation in colorectal carcinomas. Endocr Pathol. 1998;9:35–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bernick PE, Klimstra DS, Shia J, Minsky B, Saltz L, Shi W, et al. Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:163–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Zeng YJ, Lai W, Liu L, Wu H, Luo XX, Wang J, et al. Prognostic significance of neuroendocrine differentiation in colorectal adenocarcinoma after radical operation: a meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18:968–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Shinji S, Naito Z, Ishiwata T, Tanaka N, Furukawa K, Suzuki H, et al. Neuroendocrine cell differentiation of poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma correlates with liver metastasis. Int J Oncol. 2006;29:357–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Taniyama K, Suzuki H, Matsumoto M, Hakamada K, Toyama K, Tahara E. Flow cytometric DNA analysis of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colorectum. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1991;21:406–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cass AW, Million RR, Pfaff WW. Patterns of recurrence following surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cancer. 1976;37:2861–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Copeland EM, Miller LD, Jones RS. Prognostic factors in carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Am J Surg. 1968;116:875–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chung CK, Zaino RJ, Stryker JA. Colorectal carcinoma: evaluation of histologic grade and factors influencing prognosis. J Surg Oncol. 1982;21:143–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Grabowski P, Schonfelder J, Ahnert-Hilger G, Foss HD, Heine B, Schindler I, et al. Expression of neuroendocrine markers: a signature of human undifferentiated carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Virchows Arch. 2002;441:256–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Wiedenmann B, Franke WW, Kuhn C, Moll R, Gould VE. Synaptophysin: a marker protein for neuroendocrine cells and neoplasms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83:3500–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu Y, Xu J, Jiao Y, Hu Y, Yi C, Li Q, et al. Neuroendocrine differentiation is a prognostic factor for stage II poorly differentiated colorectal cancer. Biomed Res Int. 2014; doi:10.1155/2014/789575.

  13. Hamada Y, Oishi A, Shoji T, Takada H, Yamamura M, Hioki K, et al. Endocrine cells and prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer. 1992;69:2641–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. de Bruine AP, Wiggers T, Beek C, Volovics A, von MM, Arends JW, et al. Endocrine cells in colorectal adenocarcinomas: incidence, hormone profile and prognostic relevance. Int J Cancer. 1993;54:765–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Vortmeyer AO, Lubensky IA, Merino MJ, Wang CY, Pham T, Furth EE, et al. Concordance of genetic alterations in poorly differentiated colorectal neuroendocrine carcinomas and associated adenocarcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:1448–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kim CH, Huh JW, Kim HR, Kim YJ. Prognostic comparison between number and distribution of lymph node metastases in patients with right-sided colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21:1361–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Le VTE, Sigurdson ER, Hanlon AL, Mayer RJ, Macdonald JS, Catalano PJ, et al. Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed: a secondary survey of intergroup trial INT-0089. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2912–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yasuda K, Adachi Y, Shiraishi N, Yamaguchi K, Hirabayashi Y, Kitano S. Pattern of lymph node micrometastasis and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001;8:300–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gunderson LL, Sargent DJ, Tepper JE, Wolmark N, O'Connell MJ, Begovic M, et al. Impact of T and N stage and treatment on survival and relapse in adjuvant rectal cancer: a pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1785–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Johnson LR. Regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal growth. Physiol Rev. 1988;68:456–502.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Eschrich S, Yang I, Bloom G, Kwong KY, Boulware D, Cantor A, et al. Molecular staging for survival prediction of colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3526–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Graziano SL, Mazid R, Newman N, Tatum A, Oler A, Mortimer JA, et al. The use of neuroendocrine immunoperoxidase markers to predict chemotherapy response in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:1398–406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Carney DN, Mitchell JB, Kinsella TJ. In vitro radiation and chemotherapy sensitivity of established cell lines of human small cell lung cancer and its large cell morphological variants. Cancer Res. 1983;43:2806–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Park JG, Oie HK, Sugarbaker PH, Henslee JG, Chen TR, Johnson BE, et al. Characteristics of cell lines established from human colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1987;47:6710–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr Yongxi Song, at First Hospital of China Medical University, for critical revision.

Funding

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (no: 2016003002).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors’ contributions

YC made the statistics analysis and wrote the paper. FL managed the design, performed the operation, and modified the paper. QM performed the follow-up and collected the clinicopathological features of the patients. SM performed the correlation of clinicopathological factors and assisted with the survival analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Clinical Research of Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of colorectal surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

    Yue Chen, Fang Liu, Qingkai Meng & Siping Ma

Authors
  1. Yue Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fang Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qingkai Meng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Siping Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fang Liu.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, Y., Liu, F., Meng, Q. et al. Is neuroendocrine differentiation a prognostic factor in poorly differentiated colorectal cancer?. World J Surg Onc 15, 71 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-017-1139-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-017-1139-y

Keywords

World Journal of Surgical Oncology

ISSN: 1477-7819

Contact us