Table 1 Patient characteristics

Gender

0.867

 Male

83 (58.5%)

98 (59.4%)

 Female

59 (41.5%)

67 (40.6%)

Age (years, mean ± SD)

63.3 ± 10.6

63.8 ± 9.4

0.710

BMI (kg/m², mean ± SD)

22.1 ± 2.9

22.3 ± 2.9

0.536

Smoking

42 (29.6%)

55 (33.3%)

0.480

Hypertension

38 (26.8%)

36 (21.8%)

0.313

Diabetes mellitus

24 (16.9%)

22 (13.3%)

0.382

Preoperative total bilirubin (mg/dL, mean ± SD)

68.9 ± 85.2

59.6 ± 76.0

0.315

Preoperative biliary drainage

41 (28.9%)

43 (26.1%)

0.582

Open/minimally invasive PD

58/84 (40.8%/59.2%)

71/94 (43.0%/57.0%)

0.699

Neoadjuvant treatment

25 (17.6%)

40 (24.2%)

0.156

Pathology

0.745

 PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

86 (60.6%)

102 (61.8%)

 IPMN, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm

8 (5.6%)

9 (5.5%)

 Distal cholangiocarcinoma/ampullary carcinoma

39 (27.5%)

48 (29.1%)

 Other

9 (6.3%)

6 (3.6%)