Table 1 Descriptive analysis of factors affecting duodenal wall invasion by tumor

Age

 Mean age

67.3 (59–76)

65.2 (55–76)

0.14

 Age ≤ 60

11 (21)

15 (34)

 Age > 60

42 (79)

29 (66)

Gender

 Male

36 (68)

24 (55)

0.18

 Female

17 (32)

20 (45)

Race

 White

38 (83)

32 (76)

0.61

 African American

6 (13)

6 (14)

 Others

2 (4)

4 (10)

Tumor size^a

3.49 (3.05–3.92)

3.30 (2.54–4.06)

0.65

Lymphovascular invasion

 Absent

10 (19)

17 (39)

0.03^*

 Present

43 (81)

27 (61)

Perineural invasion

 Absent

5 (9)

10 (23)

0.07

 Present

48 (91)

34 (77)

Extra pancreatic bile duct invasion

 Absent

42 (79)

37 (84)

0.54

 Present

11 (21)

7 (16)

Ampullary invasion^a

 Absent

23 (43)

40 (91)

0.00^*

 Present

30 (57)

4 (9)

IPMN-associated adenocarcinoma

 Absent

46 (87)

36 (82)

0.50

 Present

7 (13)

8 (18)

Margin status

 Negative

39 (74)

29 (66)

0.41

 Positive

14 (26)

15 (34)

AJCC 8th edition—tumor stage

 pT1

8 (15)

12 (27)

0.30

 pT2

30 (57)

23 (52)

 pT3

15 (28)

9 (21)

AJCC 8th edition—lymph node stage

 pN0

8 (15)

18 (41)

0.01^*

 pN1

26 (49)

18 (41)

 pN2

19 (36)

8 (18)

Tumor grading

 G1

1 (2)

4 (9)

0.19

 G2

36 (68)

31 (70)

 G3

16 (30)

9 (21)

Lymph node involvement

 Absent

8 (15)

18 (41)

0.004^*

 Present

45 (85)

26 (59)

Neoadjuvant therapy^a

 Absent

34 (69)

24 (67)

0.79

 Present

15 (31)

12 (33)

Recurrence/metastasis

 Absent

40 (75)

33 (75)

0.95

 Present

13 (25)

11 (25)

Survival status

 Alive

41 (77)

26 (59)

0.053

 Death

12 (23)

18 (41)

Progression-free survival (in months)

21.33 (14.78–28.17)

15.13 (9.7–20.49)

0.15

Overall survival (in months)

24.45 (16.39–32.50)

16.86 (10.78–22.94)

0.14