Table 1 Patient demographics of development and validation cohorts

Case, n (%)

847

542 (63.99)

305 (36.01)

208

110 (52.9)

98 (47.1)

Age, years (mean ± SD)

69.29 ± 8.45

67.51 ± 8.1

72.44 ± 8.1

< .001

70.28 ± 7.96

68.73 ± 7.61

72.02 ± 8.02

0.003

0.113

TPSA, ng/ml, M (IQR)

14.6 (8.6–32.0)

11.8 (7.7–18.2)

39.6 (14.7–104.3)

< .001

14.2 (9.3–35.7)

11.4 (7.6–20.2)

27.9 (12.6–79.3)

< .001

0.410

F/T, %, M (IQR)

13.8 (8.8–20.0)

14.5 (8.4–20.5)

12.6 (7.8–18.4)

0.064

14.3 (9.8–19.6)

15.6 (12.1–21.0)

11.7 (8.6–17.5)

0.002

0.224

PV, ml, M (IQR)

54.1 (38.5–82.4)

60.7 (43.5–89.9)

45.1 (30.9–63.9)

< .001

52.5 (36.9–79.1)

73.5 (49.1–94.6)

44.1 (32.9–62.4)

< .001

0.661

PSAD, ng/ml/ml, M (IQR)

0.26 (0.14–0.71)

0.19 (0.10–0.30)

0.88 (0.40–2.30)

< .001

0.27 (0.15–0.82)

0.16 (0.11–0.25)

0.68 (0.33–2.06)

< .001

0.342

 PSAD < 0.15, n (%)

219 (25.86)

200 (36.90)

19 (6.23)

50 (24.04)

45 (40.91)

5 (5.10)

 0.30 > PSAD ≥ 0.15, n (%)

256 (30.22)

214 (39.48)

42 (13.77)

56 (26.92)

39 (35.45)

17 (17.35)

 0.45 > PSAD ≥ 0.30, n (%)

96 (11.33)

58 (10.70)

38 (12.46)

19 (9.13)

8 (7.27)

11 (11.22)

 PSAD ≥ 0.45, n (%)

276 (32.59)

70 (12.92)

206 (67.54)

83 (39.90)

18 (16.36)

65 (66.33)

PI-RADS v2.1 grade, n (%)

< .001

< .001

 < .001

 1–2

247 (29.16)

240 (44.28)

7 (2.30)

71 (34.13)

64 (58.18)

7 (7.14)

 3

241 (28.45)

212 (39.11)

29 (9.51)

39 (18.75)

30 (27.27)

9 (9.18)

 4–5

359 (42.38)

90 (16.61)

269 (88.20)

98 (47.12)

16 (14.55)

82 (83.67)

Biopsy results, n (%)

< .001

< .001

0.093

 No cancer

481 (56.79)

104 (50.00)

 Gleason score < 7

61 (7.20)

6 (2.88)

 Gleason score 7

89 (10.51)

29 (13.94)

 Gleason score 8

83 (9.80)

23 (11.06)

 Gleason score 9

92 (10.86)

31 (14.90)

 Gleason score 10

41 (4.84)

15 (7.21)