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Fig. 2 | World Journal of Surgical Oncology

Fig. 2

From: Nipple-areolar complex (NAC) or skin flap ischemia necrosis post nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM)—analysis of clinicopathologic factors and breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features

Fig. 2

Figure illustrations of nipple-areolar complex (NAC) necrosis grading. a Grade 0 NAC ischemia necrosis: the nipple is normal, and there is no necrosis of NAC at all. No ischemia necrosis change of NAC post NSM. b Grade 1 NAC ischemia necrosis: NAC underwent transient ischemia injury with slightly gangrene change, which was reversible after conservative treatment. There would be mild (< 25%) to no volume loss of the nipple after recovery. c Grade 2 NAC ischemia necrosis: NAC underwent moderate ischemia necrosis, which was irreversible, and eventually leading to loss of around 50% (25–75%) of the original volume. d Grade 3 NAC ischemia necrosis: the most severe form of ischemia necrosis of NAC post NSM. The nipple and/or areolar complex suffered from nearly > 75% to complete (100%) loss of nipple volume and eventually leading to surgical excision of nipple or NAC, which left no apparent nipple or NAC tissue

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World Journal of Surgical Oncology

ISSN: 1477-7819

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