Table 2 Univariate analysis of the contributing factors affecting PSQI

Patient-related factors

 Sex, M/F

31/18

22/16

9/2

0.274

 Age, ≤ 60 years/ > 60 years

27/22

24/14

3/8

0.078

 BMI, ≤ 24 kg/m²/ > 24 kg/m²

29/20

22/16

7/4

 > 0.999

 Smoking within 2 h of bedtime, no/yes

24/25

19/19

5/6

0.791

 Alcohol within 2 h of bedtime, no/yes

38/11

31/7

7/4

0.398

  Duration of symptoms, ≤ 2 m/ > 2 m

22/27

16/22

6/5

0.699

 Pain worsening at night, no/yes

18/31

10/28

8/3

0.014

 Decrease in VAS, ≤ 3/ > 3

29/20

19/19

10/1

0.037

 Increase in Frankel Grade, ≤ 2/ > 2

39/10

30/8

9/2

 > 0.999

 Increase in ECOG-PS, ≤ 2/ > 2

35/14

24/14

11/0

0.045

 Comorbidity, no/yes

27/22

20/18

7/4

0.763

Tumor-related factors

 Tumor size, < 3 cm/ ≥ 3 cm

9/40

8/30

1/10

0.645

 Tumor site, cervical/not cervical

15/34

11/27

4/7

0.921

 Tumor site, thoracic/not thoracic

18/31

15/23

3/8

0.701

 Tumor site, lumbar/not lumbar

16/33

12/26

4/7

 > 0.999

 Visceral metastasis, no/yes

28/21

20/18

8/3

0.401

 Primary tumor, lung/not lung

23/26

20/18

3/8

0.138

 Primary tumor, liver/not liver

7/42

5/33

2/9

 > 0.999

 Primary tumor, esophageal/not esophageal

1/48

0/38

1/10

0.505

 Primary tumor, kidney/not kidney

3/46

1/37

2/9

0.238

 Primary tumor, breast/not breast

8/41

7/31

1/10

0.784

 Primary tumor, prostate/not prostate

5/44

4/34

1/10

 > 0.999

 Primary tumor, thyroid/not thyroid

2/47

1/37

1/10

0.930

Treatment-related factors

 Preoperative (2 weeks) oral analgesics (pregabalin or gabapentin), no/yes

9/40

6/32

3/8

0.672

 Surgery for primary tumor, no/yes

30/19

25/13

5/6

0.386

 Preoperative embolism, no/yes

37/12

28/10

9/2

0.877

 Preoperative radiotherapy, no/yes

45/4

36/2

9/2

0.452

 Preoperative chemotherapy, no/yes

41/8

32/6

9/2

 > 0.999

 Preoperative targeted therapy, no/yes

46/3

36/2

10/1

 > 0.999

 Operation mode, TES/PSRS

26/23

20/18

6/5

0.911

 Surgical approach, posterior/combined

41/8

33/5

8/3

0.514

 Internal fixed quantity, ≤ 6 / > 6

8/41

7/31

1/10

0.784

 Artificial implant, bone cement/artificial vertebral body or titanium mesh

23/26

15/23

8/3

0.052

 Intraoperative chemotherapy, no/yes

6/43

6/32

0/11

0.376

 Intraoperative blood loss, ≤ 2000 mL/ > 2000 mL

45/4

34/4

11/0

0.619

 Operation time, ≤ 4 h/ > 4 h

15/34

13/25

2/9

0.519

 Postoperative (at 6-month follow-up) oral analgesics (pregabalin or gabapentin), no/yes

44/5

34/4

10/1

 > 0.999

 Postoperative radiotherapy, no/yes

23/26

18/20

5/6

0.911

 Postoperative chemotherapy, no/yes

26/23

18/20

8/3

0.138

 Postoperative targeted therapy, no/yes

42/7

32/6

10/1

0.944

 Postoperative complications, no/yes

41/8

31/7

10/1

0.784

 Spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS), ≤ 12/ > 12

41/8

32/6

9/2

 > 0.999

 Epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC) scale value decreased, ≤ 1/ > 1

20/29

19/19

1/10

0.037