Table 2 Univariate Cox regression model for OS in 117 patients

Age (years)

0.351

   < 58

53/56

0.83 (0.57–1.03)

   ≥ 58

58/61

1

Comorbidities

0.595

  Absent

80/85

0.89 (0.58–1.35)

  Present

31/32

1

Volume (cm³)

0.270

   < 24

56/58

0.80 (0.55–1.18)

   ≥ 24

55/59

1

Surgical assistants

0.961

  Advanced

44/49

0.93 (0.57–1.52)

0.782

  Navigation

41/42

0.94 (0.57–1.55)

0.961

  None

26/26

1

Complications

0.741

  None

82/87

0.93 (0.60–1.42)

  Any

29/30

1

Resection at first surgery

0.179

  GTR

83/87

0.74 (0.47–1.14)

  STR

28/30

1

ECOG 1

0.096

  Asymptomatic/mild

94/100

0.64 (0.38–1.08)

  Symptomatic

17/17

1

First surgery date

0.148

  Recent (2012–2019)

77/83

0.74 (0.49–1.11)

  Old (2005–2011)

34/34

1

Chemotherapy

 < 0.001

  Complete Stupp

63/68

0.48 (0.32–0.71)

  Incomplete Stupp

48/49

1

ECOG 2

0.002

  Asymptomatic/mild

67/72

0.54 (0.37–0.80)

  Symptomatic

44/45

1

 < 0.001

PFS (months)

   ≥ 10

54/59

0.39 (0.26–0.58)

   < 10

57/58

1

Treatment groups

0.006

  Reintervention

29/33

0.54 (0.34–0.83)

  Chemotherapy

82/84

1