Table 2 Comparison of surgical outcomes and postoperative recovery

Operation time, min

206.0 ± 43.6

189.4 ± 46.3

 < 0.001

205.2 ± 43.1

185.3 ± 42.8

 < 0.001

Operative blood loss, mL

138.8 ± 98.6

165.6 ± 135.3

 < 0.001

139.3 ± 97.8

167.3 ± 134.2

 < 0.001

Conversion, n (%)

3 (0.6)

10 (1.4)

0.268

3 (0.7)

6 (1.5)

0.315

Time to first flatus, days

2.9 ± 1.4

2.7 ± 1.5

0.157

2.8 ± 1.3

2.7 ± 1.4

0.219

Time to first liquid diet, days

3.3 ± 1.4

3.5 ± 1.8

0.632

3.3 ± 1.3

3.3 ± 1.6

0.566

Postoperative hospital stay, day

8.8 ± 4.3

9.3 ± 5.1

0.066

9.0 ± 3.9

9.1 ± 3.5

0.371

Retrieved LN number

31.6 ± 12.1

29.8 ± 12.0

0.013

31.4 ± 12.1

29.4 ± 12.3

0.015

Retrieved supra- pancreatic LN

13.5 ± 5.2

11.6 ± 5.0

 < 0.001

13.4 ± 5.0

11.4 ± 5.1

 < 0.001

Medical cost, dollars

13,346 ± 4356

10,815 ± 4325

 < 0.001

13,608 ± 4326

10,925 ± 3925

 < 0.001