Table 2 Risk factors for local recurrence and distant metastasis in Cox regression model

 Distal resection margin < 0.9 (cm)

7.7 (1.60–37.17)

0.011*

4.9 (1.00–24.42)

0.050

 Distance from anal verge ≤ 5 (cm)

11.0 (1.37–87.89)

0.024*

7.1 (0.86–59.19)

0.068

 Family cancer history

2.9 (0.78–10.88)

0.111

 Preoperative radiotherapy

2.0 (0.24–15.93)

0.533

 T stage

1.1 (0.28–4.50)

0.878

 CEA ≥ 5 (ng/mL)

6.1 (2.06–18.26)

0.001*

9.3 (2.79–30.76)

0.0003*

 Lymph node yield < 14

3.5 (1.22–9.93)

0.020*

5.0 (1.57–15.63)

0.006*

 Distal resection margin < 1.4 (cm)

4.4 (1.23–15.91)

0.023*

4.0 (1.10–14.41)

0.035*

 Tumor diameter ≥ 2.7 (cm)

3.2 (0.89–11.50)

0.074

 Preoperative radiotherapy

3.4 (1.16–9.86)

0.025*

3.8 (1.27–11.13)

0.016*

 T stage

1.4 (0.44–4.47)

0.575