Table 4 Univariate analysis to determine the factors associated with recurrence
From: Factors predicting recurrence after curative resection for rectal cancer: a 16-year study
Prognostic factors | Risk category | Reference category | Univariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | p | |||
Factors related to the population | |||||
Sex | Female | Male | 1.651 | 0.9–2.8 | 0.07 |
Age | < 50 years | ≥ 50 years | 1.136 | 0.6–2.0 | 0.66 |
Factors related to the tumor | |||||
Location | Low rectum | Upper or middle | 1.129 | 0.7–2.2 | 0.35 |
Fixity | Mobile | Fixed | 1.084 | 0.5–2.0 | 0.80 |
Stenotic character | Stenotic | Non-stenotic | 2.203 | 1.1–4.2 | 0.01 |
Size | ≥ 5 cm | < 5 cm | 1.496 | 0.8–2.6 | 0.15 |
Biologic factors | |||||
CEA levels | Abnormal | Normal | 0.721 | 0.3–1.3 | 0.32 |
LDH levels > 400 | Present | Absent | 0.673 | 0.1–3.7 | 0.65 |
Factors related to adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment | |||||
Neoadjuvant radiotherapy | Absent | Present | 1.337 | 0.7–2.3 | 0.31 |
Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy | Absent | Present | 1.551 | 0.8–2.9 | 0.17 |
Adjuvant chemotherapy | Absent | Present | 1.308 | 0.7–2.3 | 0.37 |
Factors related to surgery | |||||
Urgency of the intervention | Yes | No | 7.027 | 0.9–52.6 | 0.05 |
Experience of the surgeon | Junior | Senior | 0.888 | 0.3–1.9 | 0.77 |
Surgical approach | Laparoscopic | Laparotomy | 0.962 | 0.3–2.7 | 0.94 |
Surgical intervention | Abdominoperineal resection | Anterior resection of the rectum | 0.648 | 0.3–1.2 | 0.18 |
Vascular ligation | 1 cm from the origin | At the origin | 1.334 | 0.7–2.3 | 0.33 |
Distal margin | ≤ 2 cm | > 2 cm | 2.792 | 1.5–4.9 | 0.00 |
Intraoperative incident | Yes | No | 3.716 | 1.6–8.4 | 0.00 |
Anastomotic fistula | Present | Absent | 0.637 | 0.2–1.4 | 0.63 |
Pathological factors | |||||
Parietal invasion (pT stage) | T3–T4 | T1–T2 | 2.278 | 1.1–4.5 | 0.02 |
Invasion of neighboring organs | Yes | No | 3.040 | 1.5–6.0 | 0.00 |
Tumor perforation | Yes | No | 4.128 | 1.6–10.5 | 0.00 |
Ganglionic invasion (pN stage) | Yes | No | 2.677 | 1.5–4.6 | 0.00 |
Extra capsular invasion | Yes | No | 2.789 | 1.1–6.6 | 0.02 |
Vascular emboli | Yes | No | 3.817 | 2.1–6.6 | 0.00 |
lymphatic and perineural invasion | Yes | No | 4.235 | 2.2–7.8 | 0.00 |
Mucoid colloid component | Yes | No | 1.360 | 0.7–2.6 | 0.34 |
pTNM stage | III and IV | I and II | 2.833 | 1.6–4.8 | 0.00 |