Table 1 Characteristics and outcomes of the test and control group

Age (years) (x̅ ± s)

65.80 ± 6.06

65.68 ± 3.13

t = 0.116

0.908

Gender (M/F) (n)

24/21

23/21

χ² = 0.010

0.920

Tumor (right/left) (n)

19/26

21/23

χ² = 0.272

0.602

Tumor location (pelvis/ureter) (n)

31/14

29/15

χ² = 0.090

0.764

Tumor stage (T₁/T₂/T₃) (n)

21/17/7

20/18/6

χ² = 0.119

0.942

Tumor grade (G₁/G₂/G₃) (n)

16/23/6

14/25/5

χ² = 0.296

0.862

Operation time (min) (x̅ ± s)

96.58 ± 8.56

147.45 ± 9.14

t = − 27.112

< 0.01*

Intraoperative blood loss (ml) (x̅ ± s)

39.58 ± 4.15

46.50 ± 4.58

t = − 7.475

< 0.01*

 1 h after surgery

4.40 ± 1.23

5.18 ± 1.57

− 2.612

< 0.05*

 12 h after surgery

2.33 ± 0.95

3.64 ± 1.35

− 5.273

< 0.01*

 24 h after surgery

1.64 ± 1.07

2.18 ± 1.26

− 2.169

< 0.05*

 48 h after surgery

1.22 ± 0.90

1.39 ± 0.95

− 0.838

0.404

Recovery of bowel function (h) (x̅ ± s)

6.47 ± 1.08

6.39 ± 1.06

t = 0.354

0.724

Postoperative ambulation (h) (x̅ ± s)

7.47 ± 1.01

11.39 ± 1.82

t = − 12.514

< 0.01*

Length of stay (days) (x̅ ± s)

6.98 ± 1.14

9.89 ± 1.51

t = − 10.265

< 0.01*

Follow-up (month) (x̅ ± s)

25.95 ± 5.49

25.90 ± 5.44

t = − 0.040

0.968

 Intravesical tumor recurrence

1

3

—

0.361

 Extra-bladder implantation recurrence

0

2

—

0.242

 Renal pelvic tumor recurrence

0/31

2/29

—

0.229

 Ureteral tumor recurrence

1/14

3/15

—

0.598