Table 4 Literature review on immunohistochemical expression of autophagy-related proteins in gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma other than colorectal carcinoma

Gastric adenocarcinoma

61

Positive nuclear 57 %

Positive cytoplasmic 61 %

–

–

–

p62: High p62 expression associated with low differentiation grade but less lymph node metastasis

[26]

510

Positive 49.2 %

Positive 24.7 %

Positive 15.5 %

–

Autophagy (defined as at least two of three markers positive) was associated with poor survival

[42]

75

–

Positive 70.6 %

–

–

No survival analysis performed. Increased Beclin-1 expression in well differentiated gastric cancer compared to normal mucosa. Decreased Beclin-1 expression in poorly differentiated gastric cancer

[43]

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

18

Positive nuclear 78 %

Positive cytoplasmic 56 %

–

–

–

p62: none

[26]

73

Positive 47.9 %

Positive 83.3 %

Beclin-1 overexpression was associated with poor prognosis

[44]

63

Positive 22.2 %

Beclin-1 overexpression was associated with favourable prognosis

[45]

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

108

–

Strong expression 24.1 %, 48,1 % moderate and 27.8 % weak/negative expression

–

–

Low Beclin-1 expression was associated with worse OS and DFS. Low Beclin-1 expression correlated with lymph node metastasis

[46]

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma

116

–

–

High p62 81 %

High LC3B 83.6 %

–

Low LC3B and low p62 cytoplasmic expression was associated with worse OS

[33]