Fig. 1

Trocar distribution and change of operative position (affected side is on the right in this example). a, b Point a: 2 cm below the crossing point of the posterior axillary line and the 12th rib margin. Point b: 3 cm ventrally to the crossing point of the midaxillary line and iliac crest. Point c: 2 cm below the costal margin in the anterior axillary line. Point d: at the McBurney’s point. c, d The positions of the television monitor, surgeon, and assistant when nephrectomy with mobilization of the proximal ureter and when distal ureterectomy with bladder cuff excision. R right, L left, S surgeon, A assistant