Table 1 Patients’ baseline characteristics

Male sex (%)^a

65.00

61.90

68.18

57.14

0.895

Age (years)^b

58.0 ± 13.2

59.3 ± 12.5

60.8 ± 7.6

59.1 ± 9.8

0.871

Body mass index, (kg/m²)^b

22.7 ± 3.0

22.7 ± 2.0

23.8 ± 3.2

23.2 ± 2.6

0.504

Type of surgery, n (%)^c

0.946

 Right hemicolectomy

6 (30.0%)

6 (28.6%)

6 (27.3%)

5 (23.8%)

 Left hemicolectomy

3 (15.0%)

4 (19.0%)

3 (13.6%)

3 (14.3%)

 Sigmoidectomy

4 (20.0%)

3 (14.3%)

4 (18.2%)

4 (19.0%)

 Dixon operation

7 (35.0%)

8 (38.1%)

9 (40.9%)

9 (42.9%)

TNM staging, n (%)^c

0.995

 I

2 (10%)

3 (14.3%)

2 (9.1%)

4 (19.0%)

 II

10 (50%)

8 (38.1%)

11 (50%)

7 (33.4%)

 III

8 (40%)

10 (47.6%)

9 (40.9%)

10 (47.6%)

ASA (%)^a

 Grade I or II

85.0

81.0

86.4

85.7

0.962

Operating time (minutes)^b

137.7 ± 21.8

134.0 ± 23.8

193.1 ± 31.5

184.8 ± 43.4

0.000

Blood loss (ml)^b

172.2 ± 77.1

177.5 ± 92.4

97.6 ± 53.0

104.7 ± 60.0

0.000

Incision length (cm)^b

20.6 ± 2.0

20.9 ± 2.9

4.5 ± 0.8

4.3 ± 0.7

0.000