Table 3 Histopathological prognostic factors after surgical resection of oesophageal cancer

Residual (R) tumour classification *

[41, 42]

Proximal and distal margin involvement

[46, 47]

Circumferential resection margin involvement

[50, 51, 56]

Tumour invasion (T stage)

[42, 68, 111, 112]

Lymph node metastases

[42, 43, 68]

Vascular invasion

[53, 113, 114]

Lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI)

[61-63]

Perineural invasion

[115]

Tumour length

[43, 116]

Tumour differentiation

[117, 118]

Histological subtype

[65]