Table 2 Factors associated with nipple-areolar complex (NAC) and skin necrosis

Age

49.1 ± 9.8

53 ± 10.7

48.7 ± 9.6

< 0.01

51.2 ± 10.7

48.8 ± 9.6

0.09

BMI

23 ± 3.5

23.9 ± 4.3

23.0 ± 3.4

0.16

23.9 ± 4.1

22.9 ± 3.4

0.09

BMI

0.19

0.08

 BMI < 27

384 (87.1)

33 (80.5)

351 (87.8)

43 (11.2)

341 (88.8)

 BMI ≥ 27

57 (12.9)

8 (19.5)

49 (12.3)

11 (19.3)

46 (80.7)

Reconstruction

0.10

0.02

 Yes

369 (83.7)

38 (92.7)

331 (82.8)

51 (94.4)

318 (82.2)

 No

72 (16.3)

3 (7.3)

69 (17.3)

3 (5.6)

69 (17.8)

Reconstruction type

0.62

0.57

 Tissue expander

9 (2.4)

0 (0.0)

9 (2.7)

0(0.0)

9 (2.83)

 Gel implant

321 (87.0)

36 (94.7)

285 (86.1)

45 (88.24)

276 (86.79)

 TRAM Flap

33 (8.9)

2 (5.3)

31 (9.4)

6 (11.76)

27 (8.49)

 LD flap + gel implant

2 (0.5)

(0.0)

2 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.63)

 LD flap

4 (1.1)

(0.0)

4 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

4 (1.26)

Specimen

337.6 ± 207.3

427.2 ± 235.5

328.2 ± 202.2

< 0.01

432.8 ± 224.1

324.0 ± 201.5

< 0.01

Specimen

0.03

< 0.01

 < 180

70 (16.2)

3 (7.3)

67 (17.1)

3 (5.6)

67 (17.7)

 180–320

174 (40.3)

12 (29.3)

162 (41.4)

16 (29.6)

158 (41.8)

 320–450

105 (24.3)

12 (29.3)

93 (23.8)

15 (27.8)

90 (23.8)

 > 450

83 (19.2)

14 (34.1)

69 (17.6)

20 (37.0)

63 (16.7)

Tumor-nipple distance

3.2 ± 1.8

3.4 ± 1.6

3.1 ± 1.8

0.41

3.7 ± 1.7

3.1 ± 1.8

0.04

Neoadjuvant CT

0.04

0.13

 Yes

46 (15.2)

1 (3.0)

45 (16.7)

3 (7.3)

43 (16.5)

 No

256 (84.8)

32 (97.0)

224 (83.3)

38 (92.7)

218 (83.5)

ER

0.62

0.78

 Positive

289 (81.4)

29 (78.4)

260 (81.8)

40 (80.0)

209 (69.2)

 Negative

66 (18.6)

8 (21.6)

58 (18.2)

10 (20.0)

93 (30.8)

PR

0.96

0.49

 Positive

246 (69.9)

26 (70.3)

220 (69.8)

37 (74.0)

219 (85.0)

 Negative

106 (30.1)

11 (29.7)

95 (30.2)

13 (26.0)

93 (87.7)

HER-2

0.94

0.84

 Positive

83 (27)

9 (26.5)

74 (27.1)

13 (28.3)

70 (26.8)

 Negative

224 (73)

25 (73.5)

199 (72.9)

33 (71.7)

191 (73.2)

Stage

0.58

0.28

 Stage 0

82 (22.7)

8 (20.5)

74 (23)

9 (17.3)

73 (23.6)

 Stage 1

95 (26.3)

9 (23.1)

86 (26.7)

12 (23.1)

83 (26.9)

 Stage 2

151 (41.8)

20 (51.3)

131 (40.7)

28 (18.5)

123 (39.8)

 Stage 3

33 (9.1)

2 (5.1)

31 (9.6)

28 (53.8)

30 (9.7)

Skin incision

< 0.01

< 0.01

 Upper outer oblique (radial)

83 (18.9)

5 (12.2)

78 (19.5)

12 (22.2)

71 (18.4)

 Peri-areolar

107 (24.3)

21 (51.2)

86 (21.6)

24 (44.4)

83 (21.5)

 Single axillary

243 (55.2)

15 (36.6)

228 (57.1)

18 (33.3)

225 (58.3)

 Infra-mammary + axillary

7 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

7 (1.8)

0 (0.0)

7 (1.8)