Fig. 1

a During the operation, near infrared fluorescence (NIF) imaging system was used to image the tumor, and real-time navigation was applied to determine the resection edge of the tumor. b The distance between the tumor and surgical margin was determined, and the ratio of the tumor center to the background signal was calculated. c After tumor resection, the residual cavity of the breast operation was completely exposed, and NIF imaging system was used to detect fluorescence signals from the tumor bed