Variables | Open N=49 | Laparoscopic N=92 | Robotic N=70 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Perioperative complicationsa | ||||
 Mortality, n (%) | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.232‡ |
 Reoperation, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | / |
 Readmission, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | / |
 Overall morbidity, n (%) | 19 (38.8%) z | 18 (19.6%) y | 8 (11.4%)  y | 0.001†|
Grade I/II complications, n (%) | 13(26.5%) | 17 (18.5%) | 8 (11.4%) | 0.107†|
 Wound infection | 4 (8.2%) | 6 (6.5%) | 5(7.1%) | 0.942‡ |
 Intra-abdominal infection | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.506‡ |
 Ileus | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.2%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.796‡ |
 Acute pneumonia | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1.000‡ |
 Fever of unknown origin | 4 (8.2%) z | 3 (3.3%) zy | 0 (0.0%) y | 0.037‡ |
 Anastomotic hemorrhage | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000‡ |
 Anastomotic leak | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000‡ |
 Blood transfusion due to anemia | 4 (8.2%)  z | 1 (1.1%)  y | 1 (1.4%)  y | 0.049‡ |
Grade III/IV complications, n (%) | 5 (10.2%)  z | 1 (1.1%)  y | 0 (0.0%)  y | 0.004‡ |
 Wound dehiscence (fascia) | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.232‡ |
 Intra-abdominal infection and effusion | 4 (8.2%)  z | 0 (0.0%)  y | 0 (0.0%)  y | 0.003‡ |
 Ileus | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000‡ |
 Acute liver failure | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000‡ |
Long-term postoperative complicationsb | ||||
Overall morbidity, n (%) | 5 (10.2%) | 3 (3.3%) | 2 (2.9%) | 0.133‡ |
Grade I/II complications, n (%) | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1.000‡ |
 Incisional hernia | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000‡ |
 Ileus | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.317‡ |
Grade III/IV complications, n (%) | 4 (8.2%) | 2 (2.2%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.160‡ |
 Incisional hernia | 2 (4.1%)  z | 0 (0.0%)  y | 0 (0.0%) y | 0.036‡ |
 Adhesion | 2 (4.1%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.171‡ |
 Anastomotic stricture | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1.000‡ |
Major perioperative complications, n (%) | 6 (12.2%) z | 1 (1.1%) y | 0 (0.0%)  y | 0.001‡ |
Major long-term complications, n (%) | 4 (8.2%) | 2 (2.2%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.160‡ |