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Table 1 Patients’ characteristics of the training cohort and validation cohort

From: Construction and validation of a nomogram for predicting prolonged air leak after minimally invasive pulmonary resection

Characteristics

All cohort

(n = 2213)

Training cohort

(n = 1660)

Validation cohort

(n = 553)

P †

Age (years), median (IQR)

58.00 (51.00–66.00)

58.00 (51.00–66.00)

58.00 (52.00–66.00)

0.607

Gender, n (%)

   

0.353

 Female

1274 (57.6)

965 (58.1)

309 (55.9)

 

 Male

939 (42.4)

695 (41.9)

244 (44.1)

 

BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR)

24.77 (22.77–27.01)

24.71 (22.77–26.95)

25.04 (22.83–27.26)

0.153

Smoking history, n (%)

   

0.314

 Non-smoker

1625 (73.4)

1228 (74.0)

397 (71.8)

 

 Smoker

588 (26.6)

432 (26.0)

156 (28.2)

 

Hypertension, n (%)

   

0.248

 No

1591 (71.9)

1204 (72.5)

387 (70.0)

 

 Yes

622 (28.1)

456 (27.5)

166 (30.0)

 

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

   

0.156

 No

1926 (87.0)

1435 (86.4)

491 (88.8)

 

 Yes

287 (13.0)

225 (13.6)

62 (11.2)

 

COPD, n (%)

   

0.804

 No

2191 (99.0)

1644 (99.0)

547 (98.9)

 

 Yes

22 (1.0)

16 (1.0)

6 (1.1)

 

Neoadjuvant therapy, n (%)

   

0.640

 No

2174 (98.2)

1632 (98.3)

542 (98.0)

 

 Yes

39 (1.8)

28 (1.7)

11 (2.0)

 

History of thoracic surgery, n (%)

   

0.255

 No

2187 (98.8)

1638 (98.7)

549 (99.3)

 

 Yes

26 (1.2)

22 (1.3)

4 (0.7)

 

FEV1 % predicted (%), median (IQR)

104.46 (93.35–115.58)

104.55 (92.89–115.71)

104.35 (94.63–115.11)

0.674

MVV % predicted (%), median (IQR)

103.15 (90.24–115.63)

102.74 (89.91–115.46)

104.82 (91.18–116.26)

0.201

Blood type, n (%)

   

0.670

 A

637 (28.8)

479 (28.9)

158 (28.6)

 

 B

763 (34.5)

578 (34.8)

185 (33.5)

 

 AB

230 (10.4)

165 (9.9)

65 (11.8)

 

 O

583 (26.3)

438 (26.4)

145 (26.2)

 

Lymphocyte (×109/L), median (IQR)

1.78 (1.46–2.18)

1.79 (1.45–2.18)

1.77 (1.49–2.16)

0.791

Albumin (g/L), median (IQR)

59.70 (57.60–61.90)

59.80 (57.60–61.90)

59.70 (57.50–61.90)

0.635

PNI (%), median (IQR)

68.95 (66.05–71.65)

68.95 (66.05–71.60)

68.90 (65.85–71.98)

0.839

ASA score, n (%)

   

0.185

 I

212 (9.6)

162 (9.8)

50 (9.0)

 

 II

1934 (87.4)

1454 (87.6)

480 (86.8)

 

 III

67 (3.0)

44 (2.7)

23 (4.2)

 

Surgical technique, n (%)

   

0.200

 RATS

743 (33.6)

545 (32.8)

198 (35.8)

 

 VATS

1470 (66.4)

1115 (67.2)

355 (64.2)

 

Surgical procedure, n (%)

   

0.932

 Sublobar resection

1041 (47.0)

780 (47.0)

261 (47.2)

 

 Lobectomy

1172 (53.0)

880 (53.0)

292 (52.8)

 

Surgical range, n (%)

   

0.256

 Mono-lobe

1909 (86.3)

1424 (85.8)

485 (87.7)

 

 Multi-lobe

304 (13.7)

236 (14.2)

68 (12.3)

 

Operation side, n (%)

   

0.972

 Left-sided

875 (39.5)

656 (39.5)

219 (39.6)

 

 Right-sided

1338 (60.5)

1004 (60.5)

334 (60.4)

 

Operation duration (min), median (IQR)

90.00 (70.00–120.00)

90.00 (70.00–120.00)

90.00 (70.00–115.00)

0.181

Number of LNs dissected, median (IQR)

6.00 (4.00–10.00)

6.00 (4.00–10.00)

6.00 (4.00–10.00)

0.941

Tumor size (cm), median (IQR)

1.40 (1.00–2.00)

1.40 (1.00–2.00)

1.50 (1.00–2.00)

0.885

Prolonged air leak

   

0.662

 No

1872 (84.6)

1401 (84.4)

471 (85.2)

 

 Yes

341 (15.4)

259 (15.6)

82 (14.8)

 
  1. IQR interquartile range, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second, MVV maximal voluntary ventilation, PNI prognostic nutritional index, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, RATS robotic-assisted thoracic surgery, VATS video-assisted thoracic surgery, LN lymph node
  2. † P-value for the comparison between training cohort and validation cohort