Characteristics | All cohort (n = 2213) | Training cohort (n = 1660) | Validation cohort (n = 553) | P †|
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), median (IQR) | 58.00 (51.00–66.00) | 58.00 (51.00–66.00) | 58.00 (52.00–66.00) | 0.607 |
Gender, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.353 |
 Female | 1274 (57.6) | 965 (58.1) | 309 (55.9) |  |
 Male | 939 (42.4) | 695 (41.9) | 244 (44.1) |  |
BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 24.77 (22.77–27.01) | 24.71 (22.77–26.95) | 25.04 (22.83–27.26) | 0.153 |
Smoking history, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.314 |
 Non-smoker | 1625 (73.4) | 1228 (74.0) | 397 (71.8) |  |
 Smoker | 588 (26.6) | 432 (26.0) | 156 (28.2) |  |
Hypertension, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.248 |
 No | 1591 (71.9) | 1204 (72.5) | 387 (70.0) |  |
 Yes | 622 (28.1) | 456 (27.5) | 166 (30.0) |  |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.156 |
 No | 1926 (87.0) | 1435 (86.4) | 491 (88.8) |  |
 Yes | 287 (13.0) | 225 (13.6) | 62 (11.2) |  |
COPD, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.804 |
 No | 2191 (99.0) | 1644 (99.0) | 547 (98.9) |  |
 Yes | 22 (1.0) | 16 (1.0) | 6 (1.1) |  |
Neoadjuvant therapy, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.640 |
 No | 2174 (98.2) | 1632 (98.3) | 542 (98.0) |  |
 Yes | 39 (1.8) | 28 (1.7) | 11 (2.0) |  |
History of thoracic surgery, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.255 |
 No | 2187 (98.8) | 1638 (98.7) | 549 (99.3) |  |
 Yes | 26 (1.2) | 22 (1.3) | 4 (0.7) |  |
FEV1 % predicted (%), median (IQR) | 104.46 (93.35–115.58) | 104.55 (92.89–115.71) | 104.35 (94.63–115.11) | 0.674 |
MVV % predicted (%), median (IQR) | 103.15 (90.24–115.63) | 102.74 (89.91–115.46) | 104.82 (91.18–116.26) | 0.201 |
Blood type, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.670 |
 A | 637 (28.8) | 479 (28.9) | 158 (28.6) |  |
 B | 763 (34.5) | 578 (34.8) | 185 (33.5) |  |
 AB | 230 (10.4) | 165 (9.9) | 65 (11.8) |  |
 O | 583 (26.3) | 438 (26.4) | 145 (26.2) |  |
Lymphocyte (×109/L), median (IQR) | 1.78 (1.46–2.18) | 1.79 (1.45–2.18) | 1.77 (1.49–2.16) | 0.791 |
Albumin (g/L), median (IQR) | 59.70 (57.60–61.90) | 59.80 (57.60–61.90) | 59.70 (57.50–61.90) | 0.635 |
PNI (%), median (IQR) | 68.95 (66.05–71.65) | 68.95 (66.05–71.60) | 68.90 (65.85–71.98) | 0.839 |
ASA score, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.185 |
 I | 212 (9.6) | 162 (9.8) | 50 (9.0) |  |
 II | 1934 (87.4) | 1454 (87.6) | 480 (86.8) |  |
 III | 67 (3.0) | 44 (2.7) | 23 (4.2) |  |
Surgical technique, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.200 |
 RATS | 743 (33.6) | 545 (32.8) | 198 (35.8) |  |
 VATS | 1470 (66.4) | 1115 (67.2) | 355 (64.2) |  |
Surgical procedure, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.932 |
 Sublobar resection | 1041 (47.0) | 780 (47.0) | 261 (47.2) |  |
 Lobectomy | 1172 (53.0) | 880 (53.0) | 292 (52.8) |  |
Surgical range, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.256 |
 Mono-lobe | 1909 (86.3) | 1424 (85.8) | 485 (87.7) |  |
 Multi-lobe | 304 (13.7) | 236 (14.2) | 68 (12.3) |  |
Operation side, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.972 |
 Left-sided | 875 (39.5) | 656 (39.5) | 219 (39.6) |  |
 Right-sided | 1338 (60.5) | 1004 (60.5) | 334 (60.4) |  |
Operation duration (min), median (IQR) | 90.00 (70.00–120.00) | 90.00 (70.00–120.00) | 90.00 (70.00–115.00) | 0.181 |
Number of LNs dissected, median (IQR) | 6.00 (4.00–10.00) | 6.00 (4.00–10.00) | 6.00 (4.00–10.00) | 0.941 |
Tumor size (cm), median (IQR) | 1.40 (1.00–2.00) | 1.40 (1.00–2.00) | 1.50 (1.00–2.00) | 0.885 |
Prolonged air leak | Â | Â | Â | 0.662 |
 No | 1872 (84.6) | 1401 (84.4) | 471 (85.2) |  |
 Yes | 341 (15.4) | 259 (15.6) | 82 (14.8) |  |