Table 2 Intraoperative, postoperative recovery, and pathological endpoints

Operative time (min, mean, SD)

249±64

203±47

<0.0001

Intraoperative blood loss, mean (SD), ml

82±49

95±32

0.001

Blood transfusion (yes, %)

8 (4)

18 (3.7)

0.765

Conversion to laparotomy

0 (0)

2 (0.4)

1

Temporary ileostomy (yes,%)

129 (64.5)

251 (51.6)

0.002

The leaving bed time (days, median, IQR)

2 (2,3)

3 (2,3)

<0.0001

Time to first flatus, days, median (P25, P75, IQR)

2 (1,3)

3 (2,3)

<0.0001

Time to liquid diet, days, median (P25, P75, IQR)

3 (2,4)

4 (3,4)

<0.0001

 Day 1

2 (1,2)

2 (1,2)

0.624

 Day 2

1 (1,2)

1 (1,2)

0.54

 Day 3

1 (1,1)

1 (1,1)

0.738

Removal time of catheter, days, mean (SD)

4.9±1.2

5.2±1.3

0.004

Volume of drainage, ml, mean (SD)

209±63

222±100

0.083

The drainage of cube duration, days, mean (SD)

5.7±1.3

5.9±1.6

0.168

Postoperative length of stay, days, mean (SD)

9.5±4.6

11.3±5.9

<0.0001

Overall complications, n (%)

32 (16)

86 (17.7)

0.593

Anastomotic leakage (%)

8 (4)

24 (4.9)

0.596

Anastomotic and abdominal bleeding (%)

2 (1)

5 (1)

1

Wound infection (%)

2 (1)

4 (0.8)

1

Abdominal infection (%)

1 (0.5)

5 (1)

0.677

Pulmonary infection (%)

3 (1.5)

10 (2.1)

0.765

Urinary infection (%)

1 (0.5)

5 (1)

0.677

Urinary retention (%)

7 (3.5)

20 (4.1)

0.706

Cardiovascular accident (%)

1 (0.5)

1 (0.2)

0.498

Venous thromboembolism (%)

0 (0)

1 (0.2)

1

Ileus (%)

7 (3.5)

11 (2.3)

0.357

 I(%)

10 (5)

24 (4.9)

0.887

 II(%)

16 (8)

52 (10.7)

 III(%)

4 (2)

6 (1.2)

 IV(%)

1 (0.5)

2 (0.4)

 V(%)

1 (0.5)

2 (0.4)

Tumor size, cm, mean (SD)

3.95±1.30

4.05±1.33

0.345

Well differentiated adenocarcinoma

10 (5)

27 (5.6)

0.319

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma

160 (80)

361 (74.3)

Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma

18 (9)

49 (10.1)

Mucinous adenocarcinoma

12 (6)

49 (10.1)

Number of harvested lymph nodes, mean (SD)

13.6±3.7

14.0±3.7

0.169

Vascular invasion, n (%)

118 (59)

291 (59.9)

0.832

Nerve invasion, n (%)

63 (31.5)

126 (25.9)

0.138

Tumor deposit, N (%)

55 (27.5)

137 (28.2)

0.855

Distal resection margin (cm, median, IQR)

1.4 (1.1,1.875)

1.6 (1,2)

0.004

Positive circumferential resection margin, n (%)

1 (0.5)

3 (0.6)

1

Quality of the mesorectal excision R0 resection, n (%)

200 (100)

484 (99.6)

1

 Tis

6 (3)

12 (2.5)

0.569

 T1

24 (12)

49 (10.1)

 T2

58 (29)

120 (24.7)

 T3

106 (53)

292 (60.1)

 T4a

6 (3)

13 (2.7)

 T4b

 N0

121 (60.5)

277 (57)

0.48

 N1a

21 (10.5)

46 (9.5)

 N1b

24 (12)

59 (12.1)

 N1c

13 (6.5)

25 (5.1)

 N2a

11 (5.5)

35 (7.2)

 N2b

10 (5)

44 (9.1)

 I

67 (33.5)

132 (27.2)

0.251

 II

56 (28)

150 (30.9)

 III

77 (38.5)

204 (42)