Table 3 Univariate and multivariate Cox regression for risk factors predictive of GBM in original cohort

Age at diagnosis

< 55

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

≥ 55

1.699

1.325–2.180

< 0.001

1.314

1.011–1.707

0.041

Gender

Male

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

Female

0.626

0.482–0.814

< 0.001

0.699

0.528–0.925

0.012

KPS

≤ 80

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

> 80

0.741

0.573–0.958

0.022

0.874

0.670–1.141

0.322

Hemisphere

Right

Reference

–

–

–

–

–

Left

0.826

0.641–1.064

0.139

–

–

–

Midline or bilateral

1.478

0.848–2.575

0.168

–

–

–

Frontal lobe

Reference

–

–

–

–

–

Temporal lobe

1.314

0.935–1.847

0.115

–

–

–

Location

Parietal lobe

0.893

0.553–1.443

0.645

–

–

–

Occipital lobe

0.923

0.426–2.002

0.84

–

–

–

Insular lobe

0.929

0.466–1.850

0.834

–

–

–

Other regions

1.632

1.198–2.222

0.002

–

–

–

Preoperative seizures

No

Reference

–

–

–

–

–

Yes

1.231

0.868–1.747

0.244

–

–

–

Adjuvant therapy

Yes

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

No or undone

2.059

1.533–2.764

< 0.001

2.151

1.587–2.916

< 0.001

Ki67

< 30%

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

≥30%

1.261

0.983–1.618

0.068

1.316

1.019–1.699

0.036

IDH-1

Mutant

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

Wildtype

2.867

1.917–4.288

< 0.001

2.384

1.560–3.643

< 0.001

SIRI

Low

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

High

1.843

1.431-2.373

< 0.001

1.646

1.253–2.163

< 0.001

NLR

Low

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

High

1.67

1.228-2.270

0.001

1.392

1.013–1.912

0.041