| Total (n = 108) | Learning period (45 cases) | Completion period (63 cases) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (cases) | Â | Â | Â | 0.247 | |
 Male | 70 (64.8%) | 32 (29.6%) | 38 (35.2%) |  | |
 Female | 38 (35.2%) | 13 (12%) | 25 (23.2%) |  | |
Age (years) | 57.0 ± 10.9 | 56.3 ± 12.0 | 57.5 ± 10.0 | 0.578 | |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 3.3 | 23.2 ± 3.7 | 22.9 ± 3.0 | 0.633 | |
ASA classification | Â | Â | Â | 0.278 | |
 1 | 9 (8.3%) | 5 (4.6%) | 4 (3.7%) |  | |
 2 | 92 (85.2%) | 38 (35.2%) | 54 (50%) |  | |
 3 | 7 (6.5%) | 2 (1.9%) | 5 (4.6%) |  | |
 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |
Previous abdominal surgical history | Â | Â | Â | 0.535 | |
 Yes | 12 (11.1%) | 4 (3.7%) | 8 (7.4%) |  | |
 No | 96 (88.9%) | 41 (38%) | 55 (50.9%) |  | |
Neoadjuvant therapy | Â | Â | Â | 0.16 | |
 Yes | 37 (34.3%) | 12 (11.1%) | 25 (23.2%) |  | |
 No | 71 (65.7%) | 33 (30.5%) | 38 (35.2%) |  | |
CEA (ng/ml) | Â | Â | Â | 0.781 | |
 Abnormal | 23 (21.3%) | 9 (8.3%) | 14 (13%) |  | |
 Normal | 85 (78.7%) | 36 (33.3%) | 49 (45.4%) |  | |
CA19-9 (U/ml) | Â | Â | Â | 0.947 | |
 Abnormal | 7 (6.5%) | 3 (2.8%) | 4 (3.7%) |  | |
 Normal | 101 (93.5%) | 42 (38.9%) | 59 (54.6%) |  | |
Intraoperative blood loss (ml) | 168.8 ± 87.2 | 204.7 ± 99.7 | 143.1 ± 67.1 | 0 | |
Number of harvested lymph nodes | 12.8 ± 4.6 | 13.3 ± 4.5 | 12.4 ± 4.7 | 0.323 | |
Distance of tumor from anal verge (cm) | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 0.192 | |
Distal resection margin (cm) | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.393 | |
Maximum diameter of mass (cm) | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 3.1 ± 1.7 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 0.342 | |
Preoperative tumor gross type | Â | Â | Â | 0.683 | |
 No/scar | 10 (9.3%) | 5 (4.6%) | 5 (4.7%) |  | |
 Ulcerative | 61 (56.5%) | 23 (21.3%) | 38 (35.2%) |  | |
 Proliferated | 36 (33.3%) | 16 (14.8%) | 20 (18.5%) |  | |
 Infiltrated | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0 |  | |
The degree of tumor differentiation | Â | Â | Â | 0.672 | |
 No/premalignant lesion | 12 (11.1%) | 5 (4.6%) | 7 (6.5%) |  | |
 High differentiation | 6 (5.6%) | 1 (0.9%) | 5 (4.7%) |  | |
 Medium differentiation | 83 (76.8%) | 36 (33.3%) | 47 (43.5%) |  | |
 Low differentiation | 7 (6.5%) | 3 (2.8%) | 4 (3.7%) |  | |
cT stage | Â | Â | Â | 0.132 | |
 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |
 1 | 18 (16.7%) | 8 (7.4%) | 10(9.3%) |  | |
 2 | 51 (47.2%) | 24 (22.2%) | 27 (25%) |  | |
 3 | 38 (35.2%) | 13 (12%) | 25 (23.2%) |  | |
 4 | 1 (0.9%) | 0 | 1 (0.9%) |  |  |
cN stage | Â | Â | Â | 0.883 | |
 0 | 63 (58.3%) | 28 (25.9%) | 35 (32.4%) |  | |
 1 | 33 (30.6%) | 12 (11.1%) | 21 (19.5%) |  | |
 2 | 12 (11.1%) | 5 (4.6%) | 7 (6.5%) |  | |
pT stage | Â | Â | Â | 0.559 | |
 0 | 6 (5.6%) | 3 (2.8%) | 3 (2.8%) |  | |
 1 | 22 (20.4%) | 9 (8.3%) | 13 (12.1%) |  | |
 2 | 52 (48.1%) | 23 (21.3%) | 29 (26.8%) |  | |
 3 | 28 (25.9%) | 10 (9.3%) | 18 (16.6%) |  | |
 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |
pN stage | Â | Â | Â | 0.448 | |
 0 | 89 (82.4%) | 35 (32.4%) | 54 (50%) |  | |
 1 | 16 (14.8%) | 9 (8.3%) | 7 (6.5%) |  | |
 2 | 3 (2.8%) | 1 (0.9%) | 2 (1.9%) |  | |
pTNM comprehensive staging | Â | Â | Â | 0.642 | |
 0 | 6 (5.6%) | 3 (2.8%) | 3 (2.8%) |  | |
 I | 66 (61.2%) | 27 (25%) | 39 (36.2%) |  | |
 II | 18 (16.6%) | 5 (4.6%) | 13 (12%) |  | |
 III | 18 (16.6%) | 10 (9.3%) | 8 (7.3%) |  | |
 IV | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |
Postoperative complications | Â | Â | Â | 0.432 | |
 Yes | 18 (16.7%) | 9 (8.3%) | 9 (8.4%) |  | |
 No | 90 (83.3%) | 36 (33.3%) | 54 (50%) |  | |
Postoperative infection | Â | Â | Â | 0.217 | |
 Yes | 10 (9.3%) | 6 (5.6%) | 4 (3.7%) |  | |
 No | 98 (90.7%) | 39 (36.1%) | 59 (54.6%) |  | |
Classification of complications | Â | Â | Â | 0.825 | |
 0 | 90 (83.3%) | 36 (33.3%) | 54 (50%) |  | |
 I | 3 (2.8%) | 3 (2.8%) | 0 |  | |
 II | 14 (13%) | 6 (5.6%) | 8 (7.3%) |  | |
 III | 1 (0.9%) | 0 | 1 (0.9%) |  | |
 IV | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |
 V | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |
Flatus and defecation time (days) | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0 | |
Postoperative liquid diet time (days) | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 0 | |
Postoperative hospital stay (days) | 6.2 ± 2.6 | 6.9 ± 2.9 | 5.6 ± 2.2 | 0.002 | |
Closure of stoma | Â | Â | Â | 0.201 | |
 Yes | 102 (94.4%) | 44 (40.7%) | 58 (53.7%) |  | |
 No | 6 (5.6%) | 1 (0.9%) | 5 (4.7%) |  | |
Duration of stoma (median months) | 8 | 7 | 9 | 0.044 | |
 PFS3 | 95/108; 88.0% | 38/45; 84.4% | 57/63; 90.5% | 0.342 | |
 OS3 | 101/108; 93.5% | 40/45; 88.9% | 61/63; 96.8% | 0 |