Table 1 A summary of the oncolytic viruses and their characteristics
Features Viruses | Engineered viruses in studies | Particle size | Cell entry mechanism | Immunogenicity | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adenoviruses (dsDNA) | 1. ONYX‐015 in head and neck cancer | 32 kb | Endocytosis | Low | • Can be controlled geneticall • Clinical trial encounter • Great information of viral protein work • Low pathogenicity | • Replication cannot be easily shut-off |
2.DNX‐2401 (delta‐24‐RGD) in ovarian cancer | ||||||
3. CG0070 in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer | ||||||
Herpes simplex virus (dsDNA) | 1. T‐VEC (talimogene laherparepvec) in melanoma | 152 kb | Endocytosis; penetration | Low | • Can be easily manipulated genetically • Clinical trial experience; drugs exist to shut-off unwanted viral replication | • Side impacts incorporate genuine or possibly lethal disease • Unknown activity of numerous HSV1 qualities |
2. HF10 in pancreatic cancer | ||||||
Pox virus (vaccinia virus) (dsDNA) | Pexa-Vec(JX-594) in primary hepatocellular carcinoma | 130–375 kb | Membranepenetration and fusion | High | • Can be easily manipulated genetically • Clinical trial experience • Stable in human serum • Excellent human safety • Large capacity for encoding transgenes (50 kb) • Anti-tumor vascular activity | • Undesired viral replication cannot be easily shut-off |
• Unknown action of many genes • Side effects might include potentially fatal or seriously morbid disease | ||||||
Poliovirusss ( +) RNA | PVS‐RIPO in recurrent glioblastoma | 7.5 kb | Receptor-mediated endocytosis | Moderate | • Good knowledge of viral gene functions | • Cannot be easily manipulated genetically • No clinical trial experience • Viral replication cannot be easily shut-off • Associated with fatality or serious disease |
Measles virusss (–) RNA | MV‐NIS in ovarian cancer | 16 kb ~ | Membrane fusion | Low | • Extensively studied • Easily manipulated • Genomic stability • No integration into host genome • Adjustable gene • Crossing of physiological membranes | • Preexisting immune response due to vaccination |
ReovirusesdsRNA | RT3D (Reolysin®) in head and neck cancer | 22–27 kb | Endocytosis | Low | • Associated with relatively mild diseases • Good knowledge of viral gene function • Growth advantage in human cells | • Cannot be easily manipulated genetically • No clinical trial experience • Viral replication cannot be easily shut-off |