Fig. 5

a Placement of the six ports. The primary surgeon used the two ports on the right side, while the assistant used the three ports on the left side and in the cardiac fossa (added intraoperatively). b Laparoscopic view via the medial-retroperitoneal approach. c Comparison of the tumor shown by 3D imaging and as seen in the operative view. The tumor was on the dorsal side of the IVC (white arrowheads), but no invasion was shown on the 3D image (white arrow). d Comparison of the 3D image and operative view