Table 3 Cox regression analysis for identification of risk factors for survival after distal pancreatectomy

Biometrics

0.770

0.506–1.171

0.222

1.003

0.980–1.027

0.805

Preoperative course

Initial symptoms

Epigastric pain

0.946

0.592–1.512

0.817

Weight loss

1.202

0.777–1.861

0.408

Back pain

1.489

0.890–2.491

0.130

Inappetence

1.512

0.817–2.798

0.188

Nausea

0.702

0.362–1.362

0.296

Vomiting

0.881

0.356–2.182

0.785

Fatigue

3.007

1.279–7.071

0.012

Others

1.060

0.666–1.687

0.806

1.362

0.823–2.255

0.229

1.236

0.740–2.066

0.419

Diagnostics

Hemoglobin (in g/dl)

0.973

0.821–1.154

0.756

Anemia

1.442

0.793–2.621

0.231

Platelets (in 10³ per μl)

0.996

0.993–1.000

0.047

Elevated CA19-9

1.480

0.853–2.568

0.163

Elevated CEA

0.848

0.478–1.504

0.572

Surgical details

Type of pancreatectomy

More than distal

1.060

0.530–2.121

0.869

1.208

0.794–1.839

0.378

Including (partial) resection of

Liver

1.386

0.750–2.562

0.298

Large intestine

1.207

0.654–2.228

0.548

Small intestine

1.198

0.577–2.485

0.628

Stomach

1.184

0.665–2.107

0.567

Kidney

1.581

0.636–3.928

0.324

Adrenal gland

1.120

0.608–2.060

0.717

Coeliac trunk

3.091

1.226–7.797

0.017

3.364

1.147–9.861

0.027

Portal vein

1.711

0.962–3.044

0.067

2.275

1.221–4.236

0.010

2.235

1.429–3.498

< 0.001

1.998

1.229–3.247

0.005

1.160

1.080–1.245

< 0.001

1.808

1.024–3.191

0.041

1.004

1.000–1.009

0.033

Histopathological results

Tumor localization

Including body

1.053

0.691–1.604

0.811

2.148

1.182–3.904

0.012

T staging

Tumor size (in cm)

1.060

0.983–1.143

0.132

T stage ≥ 3

1.558

1.019–2.381

0.040

Lymph node status

Lymph nodes (n, total)

0.985

0.958–1.012

0.271

Lymph nodes (n, positive)

1.201

1.065–1.355

0.003

Lymph node ratio (in %)

1.020

1.008–1.033

0.002

1.022

1.009–1.034

0.001

≥ N 1 stage

1.688

1.100–2.592

0.017

N 2 stage

2.095

1.027–4.274

0.042

1.381

0.825–2.311

0.219

Grading

Grading > 2

1.266

0.826–1.939

0.279

Resection margin

≥ R1

1.892

1.219–2.935

0.004

R 2 status

1.008

0.464–2.189

0.984

AJCC/UICC classification (8th ed.)

≥ III

1.815

1.149–2.868

0.011