Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics or all patients and between frail and pre-/non-frail patients

Age (years)

72 (27-88)

82 (69-88)

72 (27-85)

0.041

Sex (male/female)

57/36

4/7

53/29

0.071

Body mass index (kg/m²)

21.7 (14.2-33.0)

19.7 (14.5-24.9)

22.0 (14.2-33.0)

0.242

Smoking (current and former)

45 (48.4%)

2 (18.2%)

43 (52.4%)

0.033

Alcohol

6 (6.5%)

0 (0.0%)

6 (7.1%)

0.350

Diabetes mellitus

23 (25.9%)

5 (45.5%)

18 (22.0%)

0.090

Antithrombotic drugs

21 (22.6%)

5 (45.5%)

16 (19.5%)

0.053

Grip strength (kg)

27.0 (10.0-48.0)

14.6 (10.0-22.8)

27.4 (13.1-48.0)

0.002

Skeletal muscle index (kg/m²)

6.7 (4.0-8.9)

4.7 (4.0-5.7)

6.8 (4.7-8.9)

0.063

Sarcopenia

37 (39.8%)

11 (100.0%)

26 (31.7%)

< 0.001

Disease

0.539

 Pancreatic cancer

46 (49.5%)

6 (54.5%)

40 (48.8%)

 Bile duct cancer (including papilla of Vater)

20 (21.5%)

4 (36.4%)

16 (19.5%)

 Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm

9 (9.7%)

0 (0.0%)

9 (11.0%)

 Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor

6 (6.5%)

0 (0.0%)

6 (7.3%)

 Benign tumor

5 (5.4%)

0 (0.0%)

5 (6.1%)

 Others

7 (7.5%)

1 (9.1%)

6 (7.3%)

Surgical procedure

0.488

 Pancreatoduodenectomy

68 (73.1%)

9 (81.8%)

59 (72.0%)

 Distal pancreatectomy

25 (26.9%)

2 (18.2%)

23 (28.0%)

Soft pancreas

62 (66.7%)

7 (63.6%)

55 (67.1%)

0.820

Albumin (g/l)

4.0 (2.6-4.9)

3.3 (2.6-4.0)

4.0 (2.7-4.9)

0.009

Lymphocyte (×10³/μl)

1551 (530-3724)

1242 (530-2124)

1568 (540-3724)

0.546

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

198 (72-335)

137 (72-230)

200 (89-335)

0.156

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

12.9 (8.4-19.6)

11.3 (9.4-14.0)

13.1 (8.4-19.6)

0.059

Prognostic nutritional index

48.2 (32.1-62.6)

36.2 (32.3-48.2)

49.0 (32.1-62.6)

0.002

Controlling nutritional status

< 0.001

 0〜1 or 2〜4

84 (90.3%)

4 (36.4%)

80 (97.6%)

 5〜8 or 8〜

9 (9.7%)

7 (63.6%)

2 (2.4%)

Operative time (min)

514 (206-874)

563 (228-874)

503 (206-872)

0.162

Blood loss (g)

685 (75-5671)

985 (223-2703)

662 (75-5671)

0.186

Intraoperative transfusion

20 (21.5%)

6 (54.5%)

14 (17.1%)

0.005

Clavien-Dindo classification ≧ IIIa

40 (43.0%)

8 (72.7%)

32 (39.0%)

0.034

Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula

16 (17.2%)

3 (27.3%)

13 (15.9%)

0.346

Postoperative hospital stay (day)

18 (7-431)

21 (14-83)

17 (7-431)

0.041

Postoperative 30-day mortality

1 (1.1%)

1 (9.1%)

0 (0.0%)

0.006

Postoperative 90-day mortality

3 (3.2%)

3 (27.3%)

0 (0.0%)

< 0.001