Table 2 Overall results comparing PPG with DG

Age

12

0.19 (− 1.71, 2.09)

0.845

87.90

0.000

Random

Gender

17

0.83 (0.73, 0.94)

0.005

0.00

0.876

Fixed

BMI (kg/m²)

7

− 0.02 (− 0.24, 0.19)

0.828

0.00

0.587

Fixed

Tumor size (cm)

6

0.02 (− 0.09, 0.13)

0.767

31.50

0.200

Fixed

Operation time (min)

9

− 5.00 (− 13.53, 3.54)

0.251

76.30

0.000

Random

Blood loss (ml)

7

− 19.85 (− 45.14, 5.44)

0.124

74.90

0.001

Random

Proximal resection margin (cm)

4

− 0.47 (− 0.91, − 0.03)

0.038

74.30

0.009

Random

Distal resection margin (cm)

4

− 2.76 (− 4.96, − 0.57)

0.013

98.20

0.000

Random

Retrieved lymph nodes

8

− 1.10 (− 2.18, 0.01)

0.048

8.70

0.363

Fixed

Postoperative hospital stay (day)

8

0.98 (0.66, 1.29)

0.000

30.60

0.184

Fixed

Complications

12

0.97 (0.76, 1.25)

0.835

5.70

0.389

Fixed

Anastomotic leakage

10

0.49 (0.24, 0.97)

0.041

0.00

0.946

Fixed

Gastritis

8

0.22 (0.07, 0.74)

0.014

71.30

0.001

Random

Esophagitis

4

1.21 (0.56, 2.61)

0.621

37.90

0.185

Fixed

Bile reflux

6

0.30 (0.10, 0.89)

0.031

57.90

0.037

Random

Early dumping syndrome

4

0.18 (0.07, 0.44)

0.000

0.00

0.982

Fixed

Gallbladder stones

6

0.63 (0.38, 1.03)

0.063

14.60

0.320

Fixed

Gastric stasis

11

1.88 (1.23, 2.87)

0.003

38.40

0.093

Fixed

Gastric emptying times (50%, min)

3

8.86 (1.71, 16.00)

0.015

0.00

0.433

Fixed

Total protein*

7

0.39 (0.25, 0.53)

0.000

34.60

0.164

Fixed

Albumin*

7

0.31 (0.17, 0.44)

0.000

22.00

0.261

Fixed

Hemoglobin*

5

0.55 (0.39, 0.71)

0.000

0.00

0.576

Fixed

Body weight loss (Kg)

8

3.24 (1.79, 4.69)

0.000

65.30

0.005

Random

Recurrence

6

1.41 (0.68, 2.89)

0.355

0.00

0.932

Fixed

Overall survival rate

3

0.63 (− 0.06, 1.32)

0.074

0.00

0.951

Fixed