Fig. 4

Procedure of en bloc tissue extraction: two representative cases. a Transvaginal specimen extraction was applied in an 80-year-old patient with right upper ureter cancer. The specimen was packed in EndoCatch™ II specimen retrieval pouch (Medtoronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) through the vaginal side wall. After pulling out the specimen, the vaginal wall was closed with absorbable surgical suture. b In male patients, the specimen was extracted in a retrieval pouch through a lower abdominal muscle splitting incision between two auxiliary ports. c Photographs of postoperative wounds in two representative cases