Fig. 2

Representative image (case 4 in Table 1) of a patient undergoing complete laparoscopic nephroureterectomy. a Trocar positions for nephroureterectomy of a right-side UTUC. The lower-level auxiliary port (red open triangle) is added to provide a wide surgical view of the pelvic area. Suprapubic ports (black triangles) are used for transvesical laparoscopic bladder cuff excision. b The cut of the renal artery, clamping of the ureter, and cut of the renal vein were performed with Hem-o-lok® clips.

c Pulling up the proximal ureter to assist in dissecting the distal ureter toward the urinary bladder. When the junction of the ureter and bladder is exposed, the muscle layer is cut off, followed by recognition of the bladder mucosa