Table 1 Pathophysiology of postoperative pain
From: Postoperative pain pathophysiology and treatment strategies after CRS + HIPEC for peritoneal cancer
Nociceptive pain | ||
Peripheral sensitization [13] | Prostaglandin E2, cytokines, nerve growth factor, and substance P. DAMPs, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10. | |
| Â | Central sensitization [14] | Microglia and inflammatory factors |
Neuropathic pain | ||
 Chemotherapeutic agents | Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress [15] | |
Increased calcium level | ||
Activation of glutamate receptor | ||
Activation of TRPV1 and TRPV4 [16] | ||
Increased expression of voltage-gated sodium channels [17] | ||
Aberrant expression of voltage-gated potassium channels [18] | ||
Neuroinflammation | ||
Chronic pain | Nerve injury, excessive inflammatory response, abnormal immune regulation [19] | |