Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies on tea and coffee consumption and brain cancer risk

From: Association between tea and coffee consumption and brain cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis

Study, year

Country

Study design

Participants (cases)

Age (years)

Outcome

Exposure and category

RR (95% CI)

Adjustment for covariates

Baglietto et al. 2011

Australia

Cohort

39,766 (67)

27–81

Brain glioma

Coffee: 4 cups/day or more vs. < 1cup /day

0.51 (0.20–1.13)

Adjusted for sex, country of birth, total energy intake from diet, and level of education.

Burch et al. 1987

Canada

HBCC

475 (247)

25–80

Brain cancer

Coffee: ever vs. never

Tea: ever vs. never

Coffee: 1.26 (0.76–2.09)

Tea: 1.13 (0.73–1.72)

Adjusted for age, sex, area of residence, marital status, and date of diagnosis or death.

Dubrow et al. 2012

USA

Cohort

545,771 (904)

50–71

Brain glioma

Coffee: ≥6 cups/day vs. none

Tea: > 3 cup/day vs. none

Tea plus coffee: > 5 cup/day vs. none

Coffee: 1.04 (0.70–1.55)

Tea: 0.75 (0.57–1.00)

Tea plus coffee:

0.68 (0.46–1.03)

Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, height, and intake of total energy, fruit, vegetable, and nitrites.

Efird et al. 2004

USA

Cohort

133,811 (130)

≥ 25

Brain glioma

Coffee: ≥ 7 cups/day vs. < 1 cup/day

1.7 (0.8–3.6)

Adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking, education, and alcohol.

Hashibe et al. 2015

USA

Cohort

97,334 (103)

55–74

Brain glioma

Coffee: ≥ 2 cups/day vs. < 1 cup/day

Tea: ≥ 1 cup/day vs. < 1 cup/day

Coffee: 0.76 (0.50–1.17)

Tea: 1.04 (0.65–1.66)

Adjusted for age (continuous), sex, race, and education.

Hochberg et al. 1990

USA

PBCC

288 (160)

15–81

Brain glioma

Coffee: ≥ 4 cups/day vs. < 1 cup/day

0.9 (0.5–1.8)

Adjusted for age, sex, and socio-economic status.

Holick et al. 2010

USA

Cohort

230,655 (335)

25–75

Brain glioma

Coffee: ≥ 4 cups/day vs. none

Tea: ≥ 8 cups/day vs. none

Tea plus coffee: ≥ 5 cups/ day vs. < 1 cup/day

Coffee: 0.80 (0.54–1.17)

Tea: 0.71 (0.45–1.12)

Tea plus coffee:

0.60 (0.41–0.87)

Adjusted for age, sex, total caloric intake. (Further adjustments for cigarette smoking, current smoking, intake of processed meat, alcohol, fruit and vegetables , and, for women, reproductive factors did not change the risk estimates)

Malmir et al. 2017

Iran

HBCC

384 (128)

43.4 ± 14.6

Brain glioma

Coffee: T3 vs. T1

Tea: T3 vs. T1

Tea plus coffee: T3 vs. T1

Coffee: 0.09 (0.03–0.24)

Tea: 0.33 (0.13–0.86)

Tea plus coffee:

0.35 (0.15–0.83)

Adjusted for energy intake, physical activity, family history of cancers, family history of glioma, marital status, education, highrisk occupation, high-risk residential area, duration of cell phone use, supplement use, history of exposure to the radiographic X-ray, history of head trauma, history of allergy, history of hypertension, smoking status, exposure to chemicals, drug use, personal hair dye, frequent fried food

intake, frequent use of barbecue, canned foods and microwave, meats and processed meats, legumes and nuts, fruits, salt and interaction effects of tea and coffee consumption, and BMI.

Michaud et al. 2010

France, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, UK

Cohort

521,448 (343)

25–70

Brain glioma

Coffee: Q5 vs. Q1

Tea: Q4 vs. Q1

Tea plus coffee: Q5 vs. Q1

Coffee: 0.98 (0.67–1.41)

Tea: 1.05 (0.75–1.48)

Tea plus coffee:

1.02 (0.72–1.44)

Adjusted for age, sex, country, body mass index, smoking status, and education.

Nelson et al. 2012

USA

Cohort

8006 (9)

45–68

Brain glioma

Coffee: ≥ 4 cups/day vs. none

Tea: ≥ 4 cups/day vs. none

Coffee: 0.89 (0.08–10.02)

Tea: 1.21 (0.22–6.76)

Adjusted for age, education, and triceps skinfold thickness

Ogawa et al. 2016

Japan

Cohort

106,324 (157)

40–69

Brain cancer

Brain glioma

Coffee: ≥ 3 cups/day vs. ≤ 4 days/week

Tea: ≥ 3 cups/day vs. ≤ 4 days/week

Brain cancer:

Coffee: 0.48 (0.23–1.00)

Tea: 0.55 (0.17–1.84)

Brain glioma:

Coffee: 1.07 (0.70–1.62)

Tea: 1.05 (0.54–2.05)

Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, pack-years of cigarettes (never and past, 0–20, > 20), alcohol intake (non and past and 1–3 times/month, drinker ≤ 150, 150 g of ethanol per week), green tea (≤ 4 days/week, 1–2 cups/day, ≥ 3 cups/day), and past history of allergy, past history of diabetes mellitus.

  1. Abbreviations: RR relative risk, CI confidence interval, PBCC population-based case-control studies, HBCC hospital-based case-control studies, T3 tertile 3, T1 tertile 1, Q1 quartile 1, Q4 quartile 4, Q5 quartile 5