Table 2 Epidemiologic studies on serum phytoestrogens concentrations in association with prostate cancer risk
From: Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Reference | Study site/race | Design | Cases/controls | Serum phytoestrogens | Contrast | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heald et al. [25] 2007 | Scotland/Scottish | PCC | 249/205 | Equol | 0 vs. ≥0.10 nmol/l | 1.07 (0.71–1.61) | Age, total energy intake, family history of PCa and BrCa, Carstairs Deprivation Index, smoking and energy intake: BMR ratio. |
Daidzein | ≤8.26 vs. >29.11 nmol/l | 1.34 (0.76–2.38) | |||||
Genistein | ≤14.23 vs. >64.53 nmol/l | 1.36 (0.76–2.43) | |||||
Enterolactone | ≤8.41 vs. >28.90 nmol/l | 0.40 (0.22–0.71) | |||||
Hedelin et al. [32] 2006 | Sweden/Swedish | PCC | 1499/1130 | Enterolactone | ≤15.2 vs. >37.8 nmol/l | 0.74 (0.41–1.32) | Age, intake of antibiotics, zinc, animal fat, total energy intake, alcohol, vegetable fat, red meat during the last year |
Kurahashi et al. [40] 2007 | Japan/Japanese | NCC | 307/43,509 | Genistein | <57 vs. ≥151.7 ng/ml | 0.66 (0.40–1.08) | Smoking status, alcohol intake, marital status, and intake of green tea, protein, fiber, and green or yellow vegetables. |
Daidzein | <22 vs. ≥61.5 ng/ml | 0.78 (0.49–1.25) | |||||
Equol | <1.0 vs. ≥15.0 ng/ml | 0.60 (0.36–0.99) | |||||
Ozasa et al. [41] 2004 | Japan/Japanese | NCC | 52/151 | Genistein | <239 vs. >682 nM | 0.76 (0.32–1.82) | Age |
Daidzein | <89 vs. >239 nM | 0.74 (0.31–1.76) | |||||
Equol | <1.9 vs. >56.1 nM | 0.39 (0.15–0.98) | |||||
Travis et al. [42] 2009 | EPIC | NCC | 950/1042 | Genistein | <0.30 vs. ≥7.00 ng/ml | 0.74 (0.54–1.00) | Smoking, education, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, and marital status |
Daidzein | <0.30 vs. ≥4.10 ng/ml | 0.80 (0.60–1.07) | |||||
Equol | <0.05 vs. ≥0.80 ng/ml | 0.99 (0.70–1.39) | |||||
Enterolactone | <0.05 vs. ≥0.80 ng/ml | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | |||||
Kilkkinen et al. [38] 2003 | Finland | NCC | 214/214 | Enterolactone | <5.9 vs. ≥24.4 nmol/l | 0.71 (0.42–1.21) | Age match |
Stattin et al. [37] 2002 | Norway, Finland, Sweden | NCC | 794/2550 | Enterolactone | <8.9 vs. ≥27.89 nmol/l | Finland 1.21 (0.91–1.60) | Age match |
<3.49 vs. ≥11.58 nmol/l | Norway 1.02 (0.59–1.76) | ||||||
<7.15 vs. ≥25.14 nmol/l | Sweden 0.87 (0.45–1.67) | ||||||
Stattin et al. [39] 2004 | Sweden | NCC | 265/525 | Enterolactone | <9.38 vs. ≥28.31 nmol/l | 1.05 (0.65–1.69) | Age, BMI, smoking, and fasting |