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Table 4 Serious complications in included studies (excluding deaths)

From: Minimal access versus open spinal surgery in treating painful spine metastasis: a systematic review

Study

Recurrence

Survival

Complications

Minimal

   

Pizzoli et al. [20]

5.1%

NA

Three major complications (one pneumothorax and two symptomatic leakages) (2.8%), two minor complications (cement pulmonary embolism) (1.8%)

Chen et al. [21]

NA

74% at 6 months, 39% at 12 months

No major complication

Qian et al. [22]

No

81% at 2 years

No major complications, cement leakage (18.6%)

Farrokhi et al. [15]

NA

NA

Cement leakage (44%)

Tseng et al. [23]

NA

Two patients died during hospitalization

Cement extravasation (17.9% minor extravasation, 3.9% major extravasation)(21.8%)

Yang et al. [16]

No

80.0% at 1 year

Seven paravertebral cement leakage (17.5%)

Pflugmacher et al. [17]

 

80.0% at 1 year, 66% at 2 years

Cement leakage (12.1%), adjacent incident fracture (8%)

Anselmetti et al. [18]

20%

85% at 3 months

Cement leakage (16.3%)

Open

   

Holman et al. [24]

8%

Mean survival was 14.8 months, 67% at 0.5 months, 54% at 1 month, 23% at 5 years

Major complications (18%) and minor complications (21%)

Chong et al. [25]

NA

Median survival was 6.0 months, 34% at 1 year, 14% at 2 years survival rates

Surgical complications occurred in patients (10%), no mechanical failure

Eid et al. [26]

No

Mean survival was 13 months

Unstable (15.5%), wound infection (15.5%), hematoma (4%) and deep vein thrombosis (2%)

Liang et al. [27]

NA

The median survival was 15 months, 61% at 1 year, and 35% at 3 years

Major complications (23%)

Wonik Cho et al. [28]

39.10%

Mean survival was 11.82 months, 44.4% at 6 months, 35.6% at 12 months, and 19.0% at 24 months

Two operation site infection, two pneumonia, one esophageal fistula after anterior approach (10.9%)

Walter et al. [29]

1.70%

Mean survival was 11.4 months, 42.1% at 1 year

Superficial wound infections and one seroma (5.3%)

Dae-Chul Cho et al. [30]

14%

Mean survival was 8.9 months

One wound infection and one wound dehiscence (9.5% )

Shehadi et al. [31]

11.50%

Median survival was 21 months, 62% at 1 year, 33% at 3 years, and 24% at 5 years

Major complications by surgical approach (17%)

Street et al. [19]

2.30%

75% at 6 months and 50% at 12 months

Major complications (26%)

  1. NA not available.