Table 1 Study characteristics of published cohort and case–control studies on cruciferous vegetable intake and pancreatic cancer
From: Cruciferous vegetable consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis
Authors | Publication year | Study design | Study period | Country | Age | Cases/subjects | Exposure range | Study quality | Variables of adjustment | Cruciferous vegetable assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Olsen et al. | 1989 | Population-based case–control study | 1980–1983 | USA | 40–84 | 212/432 | ≥9 vs ≤2 times/month | 5 | Age, education level, reported diabetes mellitus history, cigarette smoking, alcohol, and when appropriate meat and/or vegetable consumption | Interview |
Ji et al. | 1995 | Population-based case–control study | 1990–1993 | China | 30–74 | 451/2,003 | Highest vs lowest quartile | 4 | Age, income, smoking, green tea drinking (females only), and response status | Interview |
Silverman et al. | 1998 | Population-based case–control study | 1986–1989 | USA | 30–79 | 436/2,439 | Highest vs lowest quartile | 8 | Age at diagnosis/interview, race, study area, calories from food, diabetes, cholecystectomy, body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, income, and marital status | Interview |
Stolzenberg-Solomon et al. | 2002 | Cohort | 1985–1997 | Finland | 50–69 | 163/27,111 | >22.7 vs ≤1.8 g/day | 7 | Age, years of smoking, and energy intake | Questionnaire |
Chan et al. | 2005 | Population-based case–control study | 1995–1999 | USA | 21–85 | 532/2,233 | Highest vs lowest quartile | 6 | Age, sex, and energy intake | Interview |
Larsson et al. | 2006 | Cohort | 1987–1997 | USA | 45–79 | 135/81,922 | ≥3 vs <1 servings/week | 7 | Age, sex, education, body mass index, physical activity, cigarette smoking status and pack-years of smoking, history of diabetes, multivitamin supplement use, and intakes of total energy and alcohol | Questionnaire |
Nothlings et al. | 2006 | Cohort | 1993–2002 | German | 45–75 | 529/183,522 | Highest vs lowest quintile | 7 | Age, sex, age at cohort entry, ethnicity, history of diabetes mellitus, family history of pancreatic cancer, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, intakes of red meat and processed meat, energy intake, and body mass index | Questionnaire |
Heinen et al. | 2012 | Cohort | 1996–1997 | Netherlands | 55–69 | 423/120,852 | >41.8 vs ≤10.6 g/day | 7 | Age, sex, smoking, body mass index, family history of pancreatic cancer, history of diabetes mellitus, intake of energy, red meat, coffee, and alcohol | Questionnaire |
Bosetti et al. | 2012 | Hospital-based case–control study | 1991–2009 | Italy | 63 (median) | 326/978 | ≥1 vs <1 portions/week | 6 | Age, sex, study center, year of interview, education, body mass index, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and total energy intake | Interview |