Table 2 Molecular markers and their prognostic value in precursors and preinvasive breast lesions.
Molecular markers | Prognostic importance |
|---|---|
Estrogen receptor-alpha | Aggravating, 3-fold increased risk for IDC (normal breast epithelium) |
Estrogen receptor-beta | Protective |
c-erb-B2 | Aggravating -not unanimous results with respect to RR |
p53 disruption | Aggravating – conflicting results regarding the RR of its expression in benign lesions |
Ki-67 | Aggravating – no specific estimation of RR |
Bcl-2 | Aggravating – no specific estimation of RR |
VEGF | Aggravating |
E-cadherin disruption | Aggravating |
TGF- beta | Ambiguous – loss of TGF-beta-RII is aggravating |
p16 disruption | Controversial findings |
p21 (Waf1) | Controversial findings |
p27 disruption | Aggravating/scarcity of data |
14-3-3 sigma hypermethylation | Aggravating |