Table 1 Modified Clavien classification system for surgical complications
Low grade | |
|---|---|
Grade I | Any deviation from the normal intraoperative or postoperative course, including the need for pharmacologic treatment other than antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, electrolytes, or physiotherapy |
Grade II | Complications needing only the use of intravenous medications, total intravenous nutrition, or blood transfusion |
High grade | |
Grade IIIa | Complications needing surgical, endoscopic, or radiologic intervention under local anesthesia |
Grade IIIb | Complications needing surgical, endoscopic, or radiologic intervention under general anesthesia |
Grade IVa | Life-threatening complications requiring ICU management - single organ dysfunction (including hemodialysis) |
Grade IVb | Life-threatening complications requiring ICU management - multi-organ dysfunction |
Grade V | Death of the patient |