Table 2 Study characteristics of published cohort studies of total fluid intake and bladder cancer risk
References, year of publication | Country | Sex | Number of participants/cases | Total fluid consumption | Study quality | Effect estimates | Adjustment factors | Observations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhou et al. 2014 [34] | USA | F | 160,041/427 | The highest vs. lowest quartile | 7 | 0.83 (0.61-1.12) | Age in years, pack-years of smoking (5 categories), current smoking status (yes vs no), consumption of bacon (3 categories), energy intake (in quartiles), and intake of fruit and vegetables (in quartiles) | Water and specific beverages |
Zhou et al. 2012 [35] | USA | F/M | 924,221/823 | >2,531 vs. < 1,290 ml/day | 7 | 1.02 (0.79-1.32) | Geographic region, age, pack-years of smoking, current smoking status, energy intake, intake of meat, and intake of fruits and vegetables | Water, milk, soda, coffee, fruit juice |
Ros et al. 2011 [36] | European | F/M | 233,236/513 | F: >2046 vs. <1,438 ml/day | 8 | 1.12 (0.86-1.45) | Age at entry, sex and centre and adjusted for smoking status, duration of smoking, lifetime intensity of smoking, energy intake from fat and nonfat sources | Alcoholic beverages, milk and other dairy beverages, coffee, tea, herbal tea, water, fruit and vegetable juices, and soft drinks |
F: 1.15 (0.73-1.81) | ||||||||
M: >2,425 vs. <1,735 ml/day | ||||||||
M: 1.09 (0.79-1.5) | ||||||||
Zeegers et al. 2001 [37] | Netherlands | F/M | 120,852/569 | The highest vs. lowest quintile | 7 | 0.91 (0.65-1.29) | Age, sex, number of cigarettes/day, years of cigarette smoking, coffee consumption, and tea consumption | Water, milk, juice, soda and lemonade, alcoholic beverages, coffee, and tea |