Table 2 Pooled risk estimates for the associations between total vitamin A and retinol and bladder cancer stratified by study design, gender, geographical region, and source of intake
From: Vitamin A and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
Subgroup | Total vitamin A | Retinol | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | RE (95% CI) | Pheterogeneity(I2score) | RE (95% CI) | Pheterogeneity(I2score) |
Study design | Â | Â | Â | |
Cohort | 0.86 (0.67, 1.03) | 0.200 (33.1%) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.17) | 0.366 (0) |
Case–control | 0.78 (0.59, 0.97) | 0.027 (60.4%) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.04) | 0.006 (60.9%) |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | |
Male | 0.80 (0.66, 0.93) | 0.160 (35.1%) | 1.00 (0.69, 1.31) | 0.067 (58.1%) |
Female | 0.68 (0.45, 0.91) | 0.247 (27.6%) | 1.51 (1.01, 2.00) | 0.364 (0) |
Geographical region | Â | Â | Â | |
Europe | 0.79 (0.24, 1.34) | 0.040 (76.3%) | 0.65 (0.62, 1.09) | 0.138 (42.7%) |
US/Canada | 0.83 (0.68, 0.98) | 0.047 (50.8%) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.13) | 0.047 (55.5%) |
Japan | 0.76 (0.45, 1.27) | - | 0.63 (0.38, 1.02) | - |
Source of intake | Â | Â | Â | |
Diet | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | 0.426 (0) | 0.87 (0.7, 1.04) | 0.007 (60.3%) |
Supplement | 0.64 (0.47, 0.82) | 0.568 (0) | 0.80 (0.52, 1.23) | - |
Diet and supplement | 0.80 (0.49, 1.12) | 0.045 (62.7%) | 0.72 (0.43, 1.00) | 0.110 (54.8%) |