Table 1 Study characteristics of published cohort and case–control studies on vitamin A and bladder cancer risk
From: Vitamin A and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
Authors and publication year | Study design | Country | Study period | Sex | Age (years) | Cases/subjects | Anatomical site | Parameters examined | Study qualitya | Variables of adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[10] | PCC | Canada | 1977 to 1982 | M/F | 35 to 79 | 826/1,618 | Bladder | Diet: vitamin A, retinol, β-carotene | 7 | Age, sex, area of residence, smoking, history of diabetes |
[11] | PCC | Sweden | 1985 to 1987 | M/F | 40 to 74 | 418/929 | Urothelium | Supplement: vitamin A, β-carotene | 7 | Age, sex, smoking |
Diet: retinol | ||||||||||
[12] | PCC | USA | 1977 to 1986 | M/F | 30 to 93 | 261/783 | Urothelium | Total: vitamin A, retinol, carotenoids | 8 | Age, sex, ethics, smoking |
[13] | PCC | Spain | 1985 to 1986 | M | < 80 | 432/1,224 | Bladder | Diet: retinol, carotene | 8 | Age, sex, smoking, total calories |
[14] | Cohort | USA | 1981 to 1989 | M | 65 to 84 | 71/70,159 | Bladder | Supplement: vitamin A | 5 | Age and smoking |
Diet: β-carotene | ||||||||||
[15] | PCC | USA | 1981 to 1984 | M/F | 45 to 65 | 262/667 | Bladder | Diet: vitamin A, retinol, β-carotene | 8 | Age, sex, county, smoking, calories |
Supplement: vitamin A, retinol | ||||||||||
Total: vitamin A | ||||||||||
Michand et al. 2000 | Cohort | USA | 1986 to 1998 | M | 40 to 75 | 320/51,529 | Bladder | Total: vitamin A | 7 | Age, energy, pack-years of smoking, current smoking status, geographic region of the USA, cruciferous vegetable intake, total fluid intake |
[17] | HCC | Japan | 1996 to 1999 | M/F | 20 to 99 | 297/692 | Bladder | Diet: vitamin A, retinol, carotene | 6 | Age, sex, smoking, occupational history as a cook |
Total: vitamin A, retinol, carotene | ||||||||||
[18] | Cohort | Netherlands | 1986 to 1992 | M/F | 55 to 69 | 569/3,692 | Urinary tract | Total: retinol, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin | 8 | Age, sex, cigarette smoking amount, duration of smoking |
Michand et al. 2002 | Cohort | Finland | 1985 to 1998 | M | 50 to 69 | 344/27,111 | Bladder | Diet: vitamin A, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin | 7 | Age, duration of smoking, smoking dose, total energy, trial intervention |
[20] | Cohort (nested) | USA | 1971 to 1995 | M/F | 52 to 71 | 111/222 | Urothelium | Serum: retinol, carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin | 8 | Age, sex, smoking |
[21] | PCC | USA | 1987 to 1996 | M/F | 25 to 64 | 1,592/3,184 | Bladder | Diet: retinol, carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin | 8 | Age, sex, education, number of cigarettes smoked per day, number of years of smoking, smoking status, lifetime use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, number of years employed as a hairdresser/barber |
[22] | HCC | USA | 1999 to 2003 | M/F | Not mentioned | 409/860 | Bladder | Diet: carotenoids, provitamin A, non-provitamin A | 7 | Age, gender, ethnicity, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, total energy |
[23] | Cohort | USA | 1980 to 2000 | F | 30 to 55 | 237/88,796 | Bladder | Total: vitamin A, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin | 7 | Age, pack-years of smoking, current smoking, total caloric intake |
[25] | Cohort (nested) | Japan | 1990 to 2007 | M/F | >40 | 42/1,666 | Urothelium | Serum: provitamin A, retinol, carotenes, carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin | 7 | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, total cholesterol, education |
[24] | HCC | USA | 1993 to 1997 | M/F | Not mentioned | 84/257 | Bladder | Plasma: α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin | 5 | Age, sex, pack-years of smoking, education |
[26] | PCC | Belgium | 1999 to 2004 | M/F | Not mentioned | 178/540 | Bladder | Diet: retinol | 7 | Sex, age, smoking status, number of cigarettes smoked per day, number of years smoking, occupational exposure to PAH or aromatic amines, total fruit and vegetable consumption, intake of vitamin E and C and total anti-oxidant status |
[27] | HCC | Spain | 1998 to 2001 | M/F | Not mentioned | 912/1,789 | Bladder | Diet: retinol and carotenoids | 6 | Age, gender, region, smoking status, smoking duration |
[28] | HCC | USA | 1999 to | M/F | Not mentioned | 386/773 | Bladder | Diet: retinol | 6 | Age, gender, ethnicity, smoking status, number of cigarettes per day, smoking duration |
Plasma: retinol | ||||||||||
[29] | Cohort | Denmark | 1993 to 2006 | M/F | 50 to 64 | 322/55,557 | Urothelium | Diet: β-carotene | 8 | Age, intake of vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene, smoking status, smoking duration, smoking intensity, passive smoking, work exposure. |
Supplement: β-carotene | ||||||||||
Total: β-carotene | ||||||||||
[30] | PCC | USA | 1997 to 2001 | M/F | 25 to 74 | 322/561 | Bladder | Total: carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein | 8 | Age, sex, smoking status, total energy intake |
[31] | Cohort | USA | 2000 to 2007 | M/F | 50 to 76 | 330/77,050 | Bladder | Supplement: β-carotene and retinol | 8 | Age, sex, race, education, family history of bladder cancer, smoking status/recency of smoking, pack-years of smoking, servings per day of fruits, servings per day of vegetables |
[33] | PCC | USA | 2001 to 2004 | M/F | 30 to 79 | 1,418/2,589 | Bladder | Diet: vitamin A, α-carotene, β-carotene | 8 | Age, gender, region, race, Hispanic status, smoking status, usual body mass index, total energy |
[32] | Cohort (nested) | Europe | 1990 to 2005 | M/F | 25 to 70 | 856/1,712 | Urothelium | Diet: β-carotene | 8 | Age at blood collection, study center, sex, date of blood collection, time of blood collection, fasting status; further adjusted for smoking status, duration, and intensity |
Plasma: carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin | ||||||||||
[34] | Cohort | USA | 1993 to 2007 | M/F | 45 to 75 | 581/185,885 | Bladder | Diet: vitamin A, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein | 8 | Age, ethnicity, total energy intake, family history, employment in a high-risk industry, smoking, number of years since quitting, interactions of ethnicity with status |