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Table 3 Prevalence of risk factors in young and older patients undergoing the Whipple procedure

From: Postoperative outcomes following pancreaticoduodenectomy: how should age affect clinical practice?

Parameter

Young

Older

P value

 

n = 1051

n = 994

 

Male

552 (52.5)

518 (52.1)

0.853

White race

812 (77.3)

834 (83.9)

<0.001

Totally or partially dependent in functional status

23 (2.2)

39 (3.9)

0.022

ASA classificationa

  

<0.001

  I or II

378 (36.0)

234 (23.5)

 

  III

640 (60.9)

688 (69.2)

 

  IV or V

33 (3.1)

72 (7.2)

 

BMI ≥30 kg/m2

303 (28.8)

210 (21.1)

<0.001

Diabetic on oral agents or insulin

213 (20.3)

262 (26.4)

0.001

Alcohol intake in two weeks prior (>2 drinks/day)

46 (4.4)

28 (2.8)

0.059

Hypertension requiring medication

412 (39.2)

655 (65.9)

<0.001

Dyspnea on moderate exertion/at rest

72 (6.9)

107 (10.8)

0.002

Congestive heart failure in 30 days prior

2 (0.2)

5 (0.5)

0.226

Angina in 30 days prior

3 (0.3)

7 (0.7)

0.175

Myocardial infarction in 6 months prior

4 (0.4)

3 (0.3)

0.760

Previous percutaneous coronary intervention

50 (4.8)

98 (9.9)

<0.001

Previous cardiac surgery

30 (2.9)

93 (9.4)

<0.001

History of peripheral vascular diseaseb

9 (0.9)

21 (2.1)

0.018

Current smoker (within 1 year)

348 (33.1)

140 (14.1)

<0.001

History of severe COPD

42 (4.0)

77 (7.7)

<0.001

History of transient ischemic attack

8 (0.8)

42 (4.2)

<0.001

History of CVA without neuro deficit

18 (1.7)

26 (2.6)

0.160

History of CVA with neuro deficit

12 (1.1)

21 (2.1)

0.082

Anemiac

433 (41.2)

511 (51.4)

<0.001

Bleeding disorder

24 (2.3)

36 (3.6)

0.073

Weight loss >10% in 6 months prior

217 (20.6)

190 (19.1)

0.386

Disseminated cancer

32 (3.0)

26 (2.6)

0.559

Tumor involving central nervous system

2 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

0.169

Chemotherapy in 30 days prior

28 (2.7)

15 (1.5)

0.069

Radiotherapy in 90 days prior

37 (3.5)

31 (3.1)

0.613

Ascites in 30 days prior

3 (0.3)

6 (0.6)

0.277

Esophageal varices in 6 months prior

1 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

0.331

Currently on dialysis

3 (0.3)

5 (0.5)

0.431

Prior operation within 30 days

16 (1.5)

24 (2.4)

0.145

Infected surgical wound class

15 (1.4)

19 (1.9)

0.392

Total operation time, min (mean ± SD)

398.9 ± 145.3

369.6 ± 125.1

<0.001

Intraoperative pRBC units transfused

  

0.001

0

738 (70.2)

620 (62.4)

 

1 or 2

193 (18.4)

234 (23.5)

 

≥3

120 (11.4)

140 (14.1)

 
  1. Data presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
  2. aAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores: I, healthy patient; II, mild systemic disease but no functional limitations; III, severe systemic disease with definite functional limitations; IV, severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life; and V, moribund patient unlikely to survive 24 hours with or without operation.
  3. bRequiring revascularization, angioplasty, or amputation.
  4. cHematocrit concentration <36% in women and <39% in men. BMI, body mass index.
  5. COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CVA cerebrovascular accident, SD standard deviation, pRBC packed red blood cell.