Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis of cancer-specific survival in the training cohort

Age

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.186

Size

 ≤ 5 cm

Ref.

Ref.

 > 5 cm

1.43 (1.16–1.76)

0.001

1.113 (0.90–1.38)

0.333

Gender

 Male

Ref.

 Female

0.91 (0.74–1.12)

0.383

Subsite

0.827

 Right

Ref.

 Left

0.98 (0.77–1.23)

0.867

 Rectal

0.83 (0.45–1.52)

0.543

Grade

 Well

Ref.

 Poor

0.98 (0.62–1.55)

0.923

T stage

 T1-3

Ref.

Ref.

 T4

1.95 (1.57–2.42)

< 0.001

1.460 (1.16–1.83)

0.001

N stage

 < 4 nodes

Ref.

Ref.

 ≥ 4 nodes

2.42 (1.84–3.19)

< 0.001

2.05 (1.54–2.73)

< 0.001

TNM stage

 III

Ref.

Ref.

 IV

2.48 (2.02–3.05)

< 0.001

1.90 (1.51–2.38)

< 0.001

PNI

 Absent

Ref.

Ref.

 Present

1.40 (1.14–1.72)

0.001

1.03 (0.83–1.27)

0.817

TD

 Negative

Ref.

Ref.

 Positive

1.86 (1.51–2.28)

< 0.001

1.42 (1.13–1.78)

0.003

CEA

 Negative

Ref.

Ref.

 Positive

1.67 (1.35–2.06)

< 0.001

1.38 (1.11–1.72)

0.004

Chemotherapy

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

0.55 (0.45–0.69)

< 0.001

0.46 (0.37–0.56)

< 0.001