Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Study, year | Sample size | Surgical approach | Age, yr, mean or median | Timing of outcome, mo | Continence definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prospective | |||||
Albayrak 2010 [10] | BNS 73, UNS 12 | Perineal | 62 | 3 | No pad |
Asimakopoulos 2019 [11] | BNS 69, UNS 10 | RARP | 65 | Immediate | No pad |
Avulova 2018 [12] | BNS 805, UNS 186 | 80% RARP, 19% ORP, 1% other | BNS 61, UNS 63 | 36 | No pad |
Berg 2014 [13] | BNS 85, UNS 72 | RARP | BNS 60, UNS 63 | 3, 6, 12, 24 | No pad |
Berry 2009 [14] | BNS 341, UNS 89 | 65%RARP, 12% LRP, 23% ORP | BNS 59, UNS 59 | 36 | Return to 75% of baseline continence score (UCLA-PCI) |
Bhat 2022 [15] | BNS 1308, UNS 532 | RARP | 51 | 12 | No pad |
Budaus 2009 [16] | BNS 464, UNS 173 | Retropubic | 63 | 12 | 0–1 pad per day |
Burkhard 2006 [17] | BNS 75, UNS 322 | Retropubic | 64 | 12 | No pad |
Choi 2011 [18] | BNS 469, UNS 89 | RARP | BNS 58, UNS 59 | 4, 12, 24 | No pad |
Collette 2021 [19] | BNS 990, UNS 466 | RARP | 66 | 12 | 0–1 pad per day |
d’Altilia 2022 [20] | BNS 120, UNS 49 | 59%RARP; 41% ORP | 66 | 3, 6, 12 | 24-h pad test ≤ 20g/day |
Dalkin 2006 [21] | BNS 53, UNS 68 | Retropubic | 63 | 12, 24 | No pad |
El-Hakim 2015 [22] | BNS 167, UNS 28 | RARP | 60 | 3 | No pad |
Feng 2020 [23] | BNS 187, UNS 84 | RARP | 62 | 15 | No pad |
Fossati 2017 [24] | BNS 1351, UNS 144 | RARP | 63 | 12 | No pad |
Geraerts 2013 [25] | BNS 112, UNS 44 | 36%RARP, 64%ORP | 62 | 12 | 0 g urine leakage |
Hatiboglu 2015 [26] | BNS 697, UNS 202 | 57%RARP, 43%Retropubic | 64 | Immediate | No pad |
Hinata 2014 [27] | BNS 35, UNS 92 | RARP | BNS 62, UNS 63 | 1, 3, 6 | No pad |
Holze 2019 [28] | BNS 153, UNS 57 | 46.2%RARP, 53.8%ORP | 65 | 3 | No pad |
Kim 2019 [29] | BNS 285, UNS 214 | RARP | 65 | 1, 3, 6, 12 | No pad and no leakage |
Ko 2012 [30] | BNS 779, UNS 394 | RARP | 60 | 1.5, 3, 6 | No pad and no leakage |
Kohjimoto 2022 [31] | BNS 92, UNS 199 | RARP | 69 | 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 | No pad |
Kováčik 2019 [32] | BNS 60, UNS 28 | RARP | 64 | 0.5, 3, 6, 12 | 0–1 pad per day |
Kowalczyk 2013 [33] | BNS 490, UNS 120 | RARP | 60 | 5, 12 | No pad |
Kung 2015 [34] | BNS 33, UNS 10 | Retropubic | 60 | 57 | No pad |
Lavigueur-Blouin 2015 [35] | BNS 201, UNS 52 | RARP | 60 | 1 | No pad |
Lee 2010 [36] | BNS 58, UNS 15 | RARP | 59 | 1.5 | No pad |
Marien 2008 [37] | BNS 538, UNS 72 | Retropubic | BNS 57, UNS 59 | 24 | Total control or occasional leakage |
Nandipati 2007 [38] | BNS 66, UNS 25 | ORP | BNS 62, UNS 64 | 3, 6, 12, 24, > 60 | No pad |
Novara 2010 [39] | BNS 201, UNS 22 | RARP | 62 | 12 | No leakage |
Nyarangi-Dix 2020 [40] | BNS 156, UNS 86 | RARP | 65 | 12, 24 | No pad |
Pagliarulo 2020 [41] | BNS 163, UNS 68 | LRP | 65 | 12 | No pad |
Pick 2011 [42] | BNS 357, UNS 143 | RARP | BNS 60, UNS 63 | 1, 3, 12 | No pad |
Reichert 2022 [43] | BNS 25, UNS 27 | RARP | 64 | 12 | No pad |
Rigatti 2012 [44] | BNS 24, UNS 9 | RARP | 66 | 1, 3 | No leakage |
Sammon 2013 [45] | BNS 1015, UNS 125 | RARP | 60 | Immediate | No pad |
Scarcia 2018 [46] | BNS 208, UNS 201 | RARP | 65 | 1, 3, 12 | 0–1 pad per day |
Steineck 2015 [47] | BNS 970, UNS 959 | 78%RARP, 22%ORP | 63 | 12 | No pad |
Suardi 2012 [48] | BNS 900, UNS 49 | Retropubic | 64 | 12, 24 | No pad |
Talcott 1997 [49] | BNS 28, UNS 38 | ORP | BNS 61, UNS 62 | 3, 12 | No pad |
Theissen 2019 [50] | BNS 76, UNS 23 | 50%RARP, 50%ORP | 66 | Immediate | Urine loss (≤ 10g) within 1h |
Toren 2009 [51] | BNS 159, UNS 32 | ORP | BNS 59, UNS 60 | 12 | No or rare urine leakage |
Tsikis 2017 [52] | BNS 396, UNS 51 | RARP | 58 | 12 | No pad |
Tzou 2009 [53] | BNS 73, UNS 112 | Retropubic | 63 | 12, 24 | No pad |
Van der Poel 2009 [54] | BNS 61, UNS 72 | RARP | 60 | 6 | No involuntary urine loss |
Van der Slot 2023 [55] | BNS 340, UNS 202 | RARP | 68 | 6, 12, 24 | 0–1 pad per day |
Retrospective | |||||
Chung 2020 [56] | BNS 125, UNS 72 | 70%RARP, 30%ORP | 68 | 12 | No pad |
Fosså 2019 [57] | BNS 165, UNS 242 | RARP | 62 | 24 | No pad |
Greco 2011 [58] | BNS 250, UNS 207 | Extraperitoneal LRP | BNS 59, UNS 60 | 1, 3, 12 | No pad |
Hinata 2019 [59] | BNS 46, UNS 137 | RARP | BNS 65, UNS 66 | 24 | No pad |
Kadono 2015 [60] | BNS 15, UNS 36 | RARP | BNS 64, UNS 65 | 12 | 24-h pad test ≤ 2g/day |
Lee 2013 [61] | BNS 100, UNS 54 | Extraperitoneal LRP | 66 | 3 | No pad |
Noël 2022 [62] | BNS 391, UNS 138 | RARP | 57 | 1.5 | No leakage |
Palisaar 2015 [63] | BNS 1332, UNS 687 | RARP or ORP | 64 | 1.5 | 0–1 pad per day |
Punnen 2014 [64] | BNS 157, UNS 74 | RARP | NA | 6 | No pad |
Shikanov 2011 [65] | BNS 1021, UNS 322 | RARP | 60 | 12 | No pad |
Wang 2014 [66] | BNS 2, UNS 13 | RARP | 64 | 12 | No pad |