Table 1 Patients’ characteristics

Gender, m/f (%)

139 (66.5)/70 (33.5)

67 (61.5)/42 (38.5)

51 (58.6)/36 (41.4)

Age (years)

68 (58–74)

70 (62–76)

72 (64–76)

BMI (kg/m²)

25.3 (22.8–28.4)

25.5 (22.9–28.8)

25.4 (22.6–28.9)

Bismuth classification, n (%)

 I

11 (5.3)

7 (6.4)

7 (8)

 II

28 (13.4)

20 (18.3)

16 (18.4)

 IIIa

61 (29.2)

25 (22.9)

18 (20.7)

 IIIb

51 (24.4)

18 (16.5)

15 (17.2)

 IV

57 (27.3)

39 (35.8)

31 (35.6)

Neoadjuvant therapy, n (%)

10 (4.8)

8 (7.3)

5 (5.7)

Portal vein embolization, n (%)

74 (35.4)

18 (16.5)

14 (16.1)

ASA, n (%)

 I

8 (3.8)

4 (3.7)

2 (2.3)

 II

71 (34)

33 (30.3)

25 (28.7)

 III

116 (55.5)

66 (60.6)

55 (63.2)

 IV

14 (6.7)

6 (5.5)

5 (5.7)

 V

0

0

0

Preoperative cholangitis, n (%)

67 (32.1)

27 (24.8)

31 (35.6)

Preoperative EBD, n (%)

150 (71.8)

80 (73.4)

63 (72.4)

Preoperative PBD, n (%)

52 (24.9)

27 (24.8)

25 (28.7)

Portal vein infiltration > 180°, n (%)

 None

117 (56)

55 (50.5)

43 (49.4)

 Main

3 (1.4)

23 (21.1)

19 (21.8)

 Bifurcation

27 (12.9)

0

0

 Right

22 (10.5)

9 (8.3)

8 (9.2)

 Left

38 (18.2)

22 (20.2)

17 (19.5)

 Right and left

1 (0.5)

0

0

Arterial infiltration > 180°, n (%)

 None

169 (80.9)

65 (59.6)

51 (58.6)

 Main

0

15 (13.8)

12 (13.8)

 Bifurcation

0

0

0

 Right

34 (16.3)

25 (22.9)

21 (24.1)

 Left

3 (1.4)

4 (3.7)

3 (3.4)

 Right and left

2 (1)

0

0

Lobar atrophy, n (%)

 None

146 (69.9)

78 (71.6)

61 (70.1)

 Right

9 (4.3)

2 (1.8)

2 (2.3)

 Left

53 (25.4)

29 (26.6)

24 (27.6)

sFLR (%)

0.57 (0.39–0.72)

0.56 (0.44–0.7)

0.55 (0.43–0.67)

Clinical chemistry

 Albumin (g/dl)

3.8 (3.4–4.1)

3.7 (3.2–4.2)

3.7 (3.2–4.1)

 AST (U/l)

45 (34–84)

52 (31–79)

48 (30–79)

 ALT (U/l)

58 (35–111)

55 (32–100)

54 (28–101)

 GGT (U/l)

403 (188–758)

394 (182–739)

393 (170–733)

 Total bilirubin (mg/dl)

1.1 (0.6–2.8)

1.3 (0.8–3.2)

1.4 (0.8–3.2)

 Platelet count (/nl)

295 (228–389)

278 (215–355)

281 (240–354)

 Alkaline phosphatase (U/l)

266 (158–423)

251 (158–457)

247 (157–441)

 Prothrombin time (%)

96 (84–105)

92 (77–102)

92 (75–102)

 INR

1.03 (0.97–1.11)

1.05 (0.97–1.16)

1.05 (0.97–1.19)

 Hemoglobin (g/dl)

12.2 (11–13.3)

12.3 (10.8–13.5)

12.4 (10.9–13.4)

 CRP (mg/l)

12 (6–35.8)

18.9 (7.2–45.1)

19.4 (7–43)

 CA 19–9 (U/ml)

99 (34–335)

293 (78–1387)

231 (79–1135)

Operative data

 Operative time (minutes)

450 (379–511)

120 (118.5–122.5)

120 (120–136)

 Operative procedure, n (%)

   Limited bile duct resection

8 (3.8)

n.a

n.a

  Right hepatectomy

26 (12.4)

n.a

n.a

  Left hepatectomy

28 (13.4)

n.a

n.a

   Mesohepatectomy

2 (1)

n.a

n.a

  Extended right hepatectomy

42 (20.1)

n.a

n.a

  Extended left hepatectomy

53 (25.4)

n.a

n.a

   Right trisectionectomy

26 (12.4)

n.a

n.a

   Left trisectionectomy

9 (4.3)

n.a

n.a

   Hepatoduodenoectomy

13 (6.2)

n.a

n.a

  ALPPS

0

n.a

n.a

 Reasons for irresectability

  Liver function/Liver cirrhosis

n.a

9 (8.3)

5 (5.7)

  Distant lymph nodes

n.a

12 (11)

12 (13.8)

  Liver metastases

n.a

5 (4.6)

2 (2.3)

  Peritoneal carcinomatosis

n.a

46 (42.2)

33 (37.9)

   Vascular infiltration without

n.a

20 (18.3)

20 (23)

   Possibility of reconstruction

   Resection larger than expected

n.a

14 (12.8)

13 (14.9)

  Others

n.a

3 (2.8)

2 (2.3)

 Portal vein reconstruction

152 (72.7)

n.a

n.a

 Arterial reconstruction

16 (7.7)

n.a

n.a

 Intraoperative PRBC

104 (49.8)

0

0

 Intraoperative FFP

113 (54.1)

0

0

Pathological examination

 R1 resection, n (%)

40 (19.1)

n.a

n.a

 pT category, n (%)

n.a

n.a

  1

15 (7.2)

n.a

n.a

  2

116 (55.5)

n.a

n.a

  3

51 (24.4)

n.a

n.a

  4

19 (9.1)

n.a

n.a

 pN category

  N0

116 (55.5)

n.a

n.a

  N1

92 (44)

n.a

n.a

 Tumor grading, n (%)

  G1

8 (3.8)

n.a

n.a

  G2

138 (66)

n.a

n.a

  G3

49 (23.4)

n.a

n.a

  G4

1 (0.5)

n.a

n.a

 MVI, n (%)

62 (29.7)

n.a

n.a

 LVI, n (%)

46 (22)

n.a

n.a

 PNI, n (%)

147 (70.3)

n.a

n.a

Postoperative data

 Intensive care, days

2 (1–5)

0

0

 Hospitalization, days

19 (12–35)

9 (5–21)

12 (6–22)

 Postoperative complications, n (%)

   No complications

35 (16.7)

66 (60.6)

49 (56.3)

  Clavien-Dindo I

12 (5.7)

9 (8.3)

8 (9.2)

  Clavien-Dindo II

43 (20.1)

6 (5.5)

4 (4.6)

   Clavien-Dindo IIIa

36 (17.2)

14 (12.8)

12 (13.8)

  Clavien-Dindo IIIb

34 (16.3)

3 (2.8)

3 (3.4)

  Clavien-Dindo Iva

11 (5.3)

2 (1.8)

2 (2.3)

  Clavien-Dindo Ivb

7 (3.3)

0

0

  Clavien-Dindo V

32 (15.3)

9 (8.3)

9 (10.3)

Oncologic data^a

 Adjuvant therapy

57 (27.3)

n.a

n.a

 Median CSS, months (95% CI)

 32 (20-44)

6 (4–8) 

 n.a