Table 1 Comparisons of patient features in the overall cohort (N = 1,714)

Sex

 Male

646 (70)

518 (65)

 < 0.05

 Female

271 (30)

279 (35)

Age(years)

52.6 (45.0–61.0)

54.2 (46.0–62.0)

 < 0.05

Side

 Left

444 (48)

372 (47)

0.471

 Right

473 (52)

425 (53)

Tumor size(cm)

3.2 (2.5–4.0)

4.5 (3.9–5.2)

 < 0.05

cT Stage

 1a

692(75)

286 (36)

 < 0.05

 1b

225(25)

511 (64)

pT Stage

 1a

692 (75)

286 (36)

 < 0.05

 1b

225 (25)

511 (64)

Surgical approach

 Open

84 (9)

85(11)

0.297

 Laparoscopic

833 (91)

712 (89)

Lumbago

 No

825(90)

690 (87)

 < 0.05

 Yes

92 (10)

107 (13)

Hematuresis

 No

876 (96)

702 (88)

 < 0.05

 Yes

41 (4)

95 (12)

Cardiovascular disease

 No

674 (74)

575 (72)

0.529

 Yes

243 (26)

222 (28)

Smoking status

 Never

672 (73)

577 (72)

0.475

 < 10 years

64 (7)

45 (6)

 10–19 years

92 (10)

95 (12)

 20–29 years

53 (6)

53 (7)

 ≥ 30 years

35 (4)

26 (3)

Preoperative eGFR

80.4 (66.1–97.7)

71.8 (58.2–87.2)

 < 0.05

Preoperative eGFR status

 ≥ 90

325 (35)

160 (20)

 < 0.05

 60–90

427 (47)

411 (52)

 30–60

153 (17)

211 (26)

 15–30

10 (1)

11 (1)

 ≤ 15

2 (0)

4 (1)

Charlson score

2.0 (2.0–2.0)

2.0 (2.0–2.0)

0.429

ECOG performance status

 0

480 (52)

367 (46)

0.059

 1

368 (40)

350 (44)

 2

61 (7)

70 (9)

 3

2 (0)

2 (0)

BMI

23.6 (21.6–25.6)

23.7 (21.7–26.5)

0.073

Radiographic evidence of hemorrhage

 No

876 (96)

759 (96)

0.838

 Yes

40 (4)

33 (4)

Radiographic evidence of cysts formation

 No

839 (92)

743 (94)

0.080

 Yes

77 (8)

49 (6)

Radiographic evidence of calcification

 No

876 (96)

751 (95)

0.432

 Yes

40 (4)

41 (5)

Radiographic evidence of necrosis

 No

907 (99)

780 (98)

0.319

 Yes

9 (1)

12 (2)

Nuclear grade

 1

266 (29)

176 (22)

 < 0.05

 2

483 (53)

450 (56)

 3

136 (15)

133 (17)

 4

32 (3)

38 (5)