Table 3 Postoperative characteristics of patients in the PPOI group and non-PPOI group

Postoperative use of opioid analgesic [n (%)]

116 (24.4%)

29 (40.3%)

0.004

Postoperative transfusion [n (%)]

21 (4.4%)

7 (9.7%)

0.078^a

Time to flatus [median (IQR), days]

2 (2–2)

4 (3–5)

 < 0.001

Time to stool [median (IQR), days]

3 (2–3)

5.5 (5–6)

 < 0.001

Time to first tolerance of solids [median (IQR), days]

3 (2–3)

5 (4–5)

 < 0.001

Abdominal distension [n (%)]

11 (2.3%)

71 (98.6%)

 < 0.001

Nausea or vomiting [n (%)]

1 (0.2%)

31 (43.1%)

 < 0.001

Postoperative complications [n (%)]

 Minor (CDC I–II)

107 (22.5%)

18 (25%)

0.635

 Major (CDC III–IV)

17 (3.6%)

7 (9.7%)

0.027^a

Postoperative hospital stay [median (IQR), days]

7 (6–8)

11 (8–15)

 < 0.001

Inpatient cost [median (IQR), $]

74,997 (65,263–89,440)

84,028 (74,439.8–101,932.8)

 < 0.001

30-day readmission [n (%)]

20 (4.2%)

3 (4.2%)

1^a

30-day reoperation [n (%)]

16 (3.4%)

6 (8.3%)

0.056^a