Table 3 Intraoperative data and postoperative outcomes before PSM

Operation time (min)

400(351–469)

395(345–445)

0.183

Blood loss (ml)

300(200–600)

200(100–300)

 < 0.001

PPH

20(21.7%)

5(9.8%)

0.068

PPH A

17(18.5%)

5(9.8%)

0.168

PPH B

2(2.2%)

0

0.289

PPH C

1(1.1%)

0

0.455

POPF

42(45.7%)

7(13.7%)

 < 0.001

POPF A

17(18.5%)

6(11.8%)

0.295

POPF B

18(19.6%)

1(2.0%)

0.003

POPF C

7(7.6%)

0

0.043

Bile leakage

12(13.0%)

2(3.9%)

0.079

DGE

12(13.0%)

8(15.7%)

0.663

Diarrhoea

4(4.3%)

11(21.6%)

0.253

Clavien–Dindo I-II

20(21.7%)

12(23.5%)

0.806

Clavien–Dindo III–V

26(28.3%)

5(9.8%)

0.010

Intra-abdominal infection

42(45.7%)

16(31.4%)

0.096

Bowel obstruction

6(6.5%)

1(2.0%)

0.226

Time to remove first drainage tube (days)

7(6–9)

8(6–8)

0.258

Time to remove all drainage tube (days)

14(10–20)

12(10–16)

0.281

PHS (days)

16(12–21)

14(12–19)

0.199

Tumor source

Pancreas

41(44.6%)

27(52.9%)

0.737

Ampulla

14(15.2%)

9(17.6%)

Duodenum

22(23.9%)

8(15.7%)

Bile duct

12(13.0%)

5(9.8%)

Other

3(3.3%)

2(3.9%)

R0 resection

91(98.9%)

50(98.0%)

0.670

Harvested lymph nodes

14(11–18)

16(12–21)

0.034

Lymphatic metastasis

0.34(0.98)

0.47(1.19)

0.470