Table 1 Patient’s characteristics and perioperative outcomes (n = 27)

Age (years)

62.11 ± 12.18

Sex (male/female)

13/14

Body mass index (kg/m²)

23.4 ± 2.4

Distance from the lower edge of the tumor to the anal margin (cm)

7.2 ± 4.8

Operation time (min)

183.6 ± 44.8

Blood loss (ml)

54.8 ± 34.4

Harvested lymph node

15.3 ± 7.8

Postoperative time out of bed (hours)

15.6 ± 2.9

Pain score 24 h after operation

1.3 ± 1.3

Distal margin (cm)

1.7 ± 1.1

Proximal margin (cm)

7.2 ± 3.6

Time of exhaust (days)

2.2 ± 0.8

Time of feeding (days)

2.1 ± 0.6

LOHS^b (days)

8.9 ± 4.4

Total hospitalization cost (yuan)

89,236.1 ± 13,527.9