Table 1 The median TOGS obtained in population studies
Author/year Journal | Type of study/type of cancer | Number GC Patients | Data: - Treatment/gastrectomy - Neoadjuvant - Approach - Other | TO | Factors associated with TO | Worst contributing factor TO | Variation between hospitals | Survival TO vs no TO/other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Busweiler Br J Surg [1] | National Multicentre Database (Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit) Esophageal and gastric cancer | 1772 | Type of treatment: total gastrectomy, partial gastrectomy, other gastrectomy, no resection, unknown Neoadjuvant therapy: none, chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, unknown/other Surgical approach: open, laparoscopy, unknown Timing of surgery:: elective, emergency Additional resection owing to tumor invasiveness: no, yes, unknown | 32.1% | ASA grade < 3 Charlson < 2 Clinical tumor stage < 3 Tumor location: corpus, antrum/pylorus Neoadjuvant therapy No additional organ resection | < 15 lymph nodes examined | 11.4 to 52.4% | |
Priego J Laparoend Adv Surg Tech [8] | Spanish Unicentric Database Gastric cancer | 96 | Type of gastrectomy: total, distal Neoadjuvant therapy: yes/no Type of surgery: open, laparoscopy | 51.04% | Severe complications (CD ≥ II) | ND | No statistical differences in TO between laparoscopy and open group | |
van der Kaaij Br J Surg [4] | Unicentric Institutional Database Esophageal and gastric cancer | 105 | Type of treatment: total gastrectomy, subtotal gastrectomy, no resection Neoadjuvant therapy: none, chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy | 45.7% | Severe complications (CD ≥ II) | ND | Better overall survival in TO group 54 months vs 33 p = 0.018 3 years | |
Van der Werf Ann Surg [9] | Dutch Multicentric Database Esophageal or gastric cancer | 2943 | 35% | Relationship between number of gastrectomies per year | More TO in high volume | TO is associated with survival 64% vs 45% (p < 0.002) 3 years | ||
Carbonell-Morote Cir Esp [3] | Spanish unicentric database Gastric cancer | 91 | Type of gastrectomy: subtotal, total Neoadjuvant treatment: yes/no | 34.1% | Relationship between TO and survival | ≤ 15 lymph nodes examined | ND | Achievement of TO related to greater survival (TO/noTO) 50.5 months vs. 31.5 (p < 0.008) 5 years |
Dal Cero Eur J Surg Oncol [10] | Spanish Multi-institutional Database (EURECCA) Gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer | 1293 | Type of gastrectomy: subtotal, total Neoadjuvant therapy: chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy Surgical approach: open, laparoscopy Timing of surgery: elective, emergency Multivisceral resection: no, yes | 41.1% | < 65 years BMI 24–29.9 Weight loss < 5% ASA score I–II CCI = 0 Preoperative Hb ≥ 10 gr/dL Antrum-pylorus location Laurén´s mixed type Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Surgery performed in 2017 Laparoscopic surgery Elective surgery Surgery without multivisceral resection | Severe complications (CD ≥ II) | TO in community hospitals (19.9%) lower than in reference and high technology centers (44.0 and 36.1%) (p = 0.01) | Archievement of TO related to greater survival 72.79 (95%CI: 68.90–76.90) vs 53.48% (95%CI:49.93–57.28) 36 months p < 0.001 |
Sedłak Eur J Surg Oncol [11] | Polish Unicentric Database Gastric cancer | 194 | Type of gastrectomy: total gastrectomy, proximal gastrectomy, subtotal gastrectomy, esophagectomy with proximal gastrectomy Perioperative chemotherapy: yes, no | 40.2% | ND | TO group 51% lower risk of death compared to patients without TO | ||
Bolger Eur J Surg Oncol [12] | Two center Ireland Esophageal and gastric cancer | 258 | Type of gastrectomy: subtotal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy | 37% | Age Neoadjuvant therapy Laparoscopy | ND | Minimally invasive surgery is associated with improved TO | |
Roh Sci Rep Nature [13] | Korean unicentric database | 395 | Type: of gastrectomy: robotic total gastrectomy (RTG) vs. laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) | RTG: 70.3% LTG 75.7% | Severe complications | ND | ||
Spolverato J Surg Oncol [7] | International multi-institutional database Gastric adenocarcinoma | 910 | 35.3% | Age H. pylori infection Family history of GC Diffuse subtype gastric adenocarcinoma Other than T1 Stage | ≤ 15 lymph nodes | ND | Included chemotherapy inside TO | |
Cibulas Ann Surg Oncol [6] | National Cancer database Curative Gastrectomy | 34,688 | Type of gastrectomy: partial, subtotal, and total gastrectomy Neoadjuvant therapy: Chemotherapy receipt of neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant Chemotherapy for pT3-T4 and/or pN1-N2 disease Surgical approach: ND Timing of surgery: ND Mortality 30 days and mortality 90 days registered but not included on TO | 23.8% | Race white better Insurance status private insurance Mean “Crow fly” distance Facility cancer program type better academic research Case-volume better very high Extent gastrectomy better partial Low T/N-stage No lymphovascular invasion No 30 and 90 days mortality | ≤ 15 lymph nodes | Yes case-volume per year quartiles TO Low: 9.5% Intermediate: 18% High: 27.6% Very high: 44.9% | Achievement of TO related to greater survival (TO/noTO) 57% vs 38% TO attainment was significantly associated with reduced risk of death HR 0.82 p < 0.001 |
Levy Ann Surg [14] | Population-based clinical-pathological database | 1836 | Gastric | 22% | Age Neoadjuvant surgery Low T-stage No GE junction tumor | < 15 lymph nodes examined Severe complications | ND | TO associated with survival 75% Vs 45% p < 0.001 |