Skip to main content
  • Technical innovations
  • Open access
  • Published:

Intra-operative intra-peritoneal chemotherapy with cisplatin in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of ovarian cancer

Abstract

Background

Intra-peritoneal (i.p.) chemotherapy is an encouraging treatment option for ovarian cancer with peritoneum involvement in addition with intravenous (i.v.) chemotherapy. Intra-operative i.p. chemotherapy is an interesting method of administration by enhancing the diffusion of chemotherapy. This study had assessed the feasibility of intra-operative i.p. chemotherapy in patients with peritoneal carcinoma of ovarian cancer.

Methods

From January 2003 to February 2006, 47 patients with stage III ovarian cancer were treated with standard paclitaxel carboplatin intravenous chemotherapy and debulking surgery with intra-operative i.p. chemotherapy. After optimal cytoreductive surgery, defined by no unresectable residual disease > 1 cm, i.p. chemotherapy was performed during surgery. The peritoneal cavity was filled by 3 litres of isotonic saline pre-heated at 37 degrees and 90 mg of cisplatin. The sequence was repeated twice during 2 hours based on previous published studies which optimized the cisplatin dosage and exposure duration. Optimal diffusion was obtained by stirring by hands during the 2 hours.

Results

Median age was 59.6 years. No severe haematological or non-haematological toxicity induced by intra operative i.p. chemotherapy was reported. No patient died due to the complications of surgery or the i.p. chemotherapy. No neurotoxicity occurred, and one patients had renal impairment.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the feasibility of intra-operative i.p. chemotherapy with cisplatin after optimal resection of peritoneal tumor nodules. Further randomized trials are planned to investigate the clinical benefit of this therapeutic modality.

Background

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynaecologic cancer-related death in most industrialized countries and the fifth cause of cancer death among women [1–3]. Approximately 60% of women have an advanced FIGO stage III-IV ovarian cancer at diagnosis and the 30% 5-year survival rate is dramatically poor. The peritoneal cavity is the main site of disease involvement in ovarian cancer [4, 5]. Standards treatments include exploratory laparotomy with cytoreductive surgery followed by intra-venous (i.v.) platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy [6–8]. Nevertheless, additional intra-peritoneal (i.p.) chemotherapy is an encouraging treatment option for ovarian cancer with peritoneum involvement [9, 10]. The rationale for i.p. chemotherapy is based on high drug concentration exposure in the peritoneal cavity leading to an increased cytotoxicity and avoiding a high level of systemic toxicity [11–16]. However, despite the advantage of a high concentration of anticancer drugs, the results obtained with i.p. chemotherapy are still debatable in terms of complete and lasting responses [17]. One of the reasons suggested to explain those failures was the difficulty for i.p. chemotherapy to diffuse widely in the peritoneal cavity due to adhesion and/or anatomic niches. Intra-operative i.p. chemotherapy was suggested with the aim to improve its results [18, 19]. The administration of i.p. chemotherapy during surgery allows an optimal peritoneal cavity exposure controlled by the surgeon who stirs the cisplatin containing solution by hand. The goal of this present report was to analyze the feasibility and the toxicity of this method of intra-operative i.p. chemotherapy.

Patients and methods

Between January 2003 and February 2006, 47 patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer classified FIGO stage IIIC were included and treated in our institution, University Hospital of Besançon (France). In 31 patients, treatment consisted in 4 cycles of induction i.v. chemotherapy with 175 mg paclitaxel per square meter of body surface area (mg/m2) over 3 hours and area under the (AUC) curve targeted to 5 for carboplatin over 30 minutes on day 1, every 3 weeks. This chemotherapy was followed by debulking surgery with intra operative i.p. chemotherapy using cisplatin. Initial debulking surgery was performed when complete tumoral resection seemed feasible. In 31 cases this initial surgery seemed not possible and induction chemotherapy was administered. In 16 patients initial debulking surgery was performed and appeared to be suboptimal with major residual lesions in 7 cases. In all cases, complementary systemic chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin was administered. This chemotherapy was followed by a second look surgery with or without tumoral debulking and with the administration of intraperitoneal chemotherapy if residual disease was smaller than 10 mm. After debuloking surgery, 2 to 4 additional cycles of paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy were administered. In 16 patients, treatment included initial debulking surgery followed by 6 to 8 cycles of i.v. paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy. Then, second-look surgery with intra-operative i.p. ciplatin chemotherapy was performed. In all cases, an optimal cytoreductive surgery, defined by no unresectable residual disease larger than 10 mm, was achieved either at presentation or after completion of induction chemotherapy. Intraoperative i.p. chemotherapy was performed according to Royer et al description using the optimization suggested by pharmacokinetics analysis [20, 21]. These authors have identified an optimal dose and duration of exposure of cisplatin for intraperitoneal treatment based on pharmacokinetic – pharmacodynamic studies. Previously, preclinical results have identified the minimal doses and the optimal duration of platin exposure required to obtain maximal cytotoxic activity [22]. During surgery, after resection of all residual disease, the peritoneal cavity was filled by 3 liters of isotonic saline pre-heated at 37° and a total cisplatin dose of 90 mg during 1 hour. The sequence was repeated twice and the optimal distribution was obtained by stirring by hand during the 2 hours. Then, the peritoneal cavity was cleared out and rinsed before closing down. Concomitant i.v. hydration with 3000 ml normal saline, 2.2 mM Ca2+ glucuronate, 1 g/l Mg2+, 2 g/l KCl and 3 g/l NaCl was administered to prevent renal toxicity. The follow up of the patients was performed every 12 weeks with clinical examination, CA 125 test, abdominal and pelvic ultrasound or CT scan.

Statistical analysis

All estimated confidence interval parameters were designed with a significance level of α = 0.05. Time-to-event endpoints of overall survival (OS), disease progression (DP) and response duration curves were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier non-parametric methods [23] using JMP® Software (SAS, Cary NC). The duration of DP is defined as the time from the diagnosis to the date of progressive disease or death. The overall survival is defined as the time from the diagnosis to date of death or last follow-up.

Results

Patients and treatment

Data were updated October 27, 2006. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of patients. A majority of patients (66%) had initial chemotherapy followed by debulking surgery. The median duration of surgery was 7 hours and 10 minutes (range: 5 hours 10 minutes to 9 hours and 30 minutes) including the 2 hours of the administration of i.p. chemotherapy (table 2). The median hospitalization duration in intensive care unity and surgery unity was 3 days (range: 1 to 21 days) and 18 days (range: 12 to 66 days), respectively. The median delay between the surgery and the resumption of feeding was 7 days (range: 3 to 28 days). Rehospitalization in the surgery unit was required for 16 patients (median: once, range: 0 to 3 times), for restoring bowel continuity (in 7 patients), infection (3 patients), abdominal pain (3 patients), bowel occlusion (2 patients) and renal failure (1 patients).

Table 1 Characteristics of patients
Table 2 Duration of hospitalization

Complications and toxicity

The safety analysis reported no severe haematological or non-haematological toxicity induced by intra operative i.p. chemotherapy. No patient died due to the complications of surgery or the i.p. chemotherapy. The most frequent complication was infection, including urinary or pulmonary infection which occurred in 9 and 3 patients, respectively (table 3). 13 of 47 patients require a re-laparotomy (4 patients needed 2 re-laparotomy) and we exclude from this total the 6 patients who had a surgical restoration after 30 days. Peritonitis and intra-abdominal abscess was observed in 5 and 3 patients respectively, they required a laparotomy to rinse and clean up the peritoneal cavity. This surgical intervention was also necessary for intra abdominal bleeding and intestinal necrosis which occurred in 7 and 2 patients, respectively. Two patients presented a bowel occlusion which recovered with medical treatment. Thromboembolic events occurred in 5 patients, including a pulmonary embolism in 1 patient. In 5 patients, grade 2 renal failures occurred during the first 10 days after surgery with i.p. cisplatin chemotherapy and they recovered after i.v. hydration with normal saline 2.2 mM Ca2+ glucuronate, 1 g/l Mg2+, 2 g/l KCl and 3 g/l NaCl. One patient presented a grade 3 renal failure with uncompleted recovery and which needed stringent follow up. No grade 4 haematological toxicity was observed. Six patients presented grade 3 anaemia and 5 patients presented grade 3 neutropenia without fever. Grade 2 thrombopenia occurred in only one patient. After a 30-day period, complications were surgery related (table 4). Chronic diarrhea, dysuria and abdominal pain were observed in 9, 8 and 2 patients, respectively. A surgical restoration was necessary for vesico-vaginal fistula, bowel fistula and entero-vesical fistula in 3, 2 and 1 patients, respectively.

Table 3 Early complication and toxicity by patient including intraoperative toxicity (within 30 days after surgery and i.p. chemotherapy)
Table 4 Complication's later than 30 days since surgery and i.p. chemotherapy

Efficacy

After a median follow up of 23.3 months, a recurrence of the disease was observed in ten patients. The median disease free progression duration was 14.3 months (range: 9.6 – 23.3 months). Sites of relapse were peritoneal carcinomatosis in 4 patients, peritoneal nodes in 4 patients, pleural effusion in 3 patients, liver metastasis in one patient. At 24 months, the rate of patients alive without recurrence was 62.5% [95% CI, 55% to 70%] (Figure 1). No data in term of OS was of value due to the length of follow-up.

Figure 1
figure 1

Disease free survival in intraoperative i.p. chemotherapy group and control group.

Discussion

Intra-peritoneal administration of chemotherapy is commonly performed at a distance from surgery by an i.p. catheter with artificial ascites [9, 24]. Women who have a successful optimal resection of their cancers with microscopic residual tumour and no bowel resection are the best candidates for i.p. chemotherapy [25]. It seems favorable if possible to perform a supra-cervical hysterectomy and not to enter the vagina because when the vagina is opened leakage of chemotherapy via the vagina is mostly risked. However, even if there is no absolute contraindication to placement of this access device, complications could occur such as catheter infection or intra-abdominal abscess, bowel injuries, kinking of the catheter or inflow obstruction and leakage of chemotherapy around the port or into the surrounding subcutaneous tissue [24]. Abdominal pain is the most common i.p. chemotherapy-related risk. In most cases it is due to the distension of the abdomen but it is very important not to underestimate the risk of peritonitis or bowel injuries which is a medical and surgical emergency. Others i.p. chemotherapy complications included those linked to the drug administered. The most frequently used drug is cisplatin [26–30]. Nausea, vomiting and renal toxicity must be prevented by effective anti-emetics drugs and suitable i.v. hyperhydration considering the systemic exposure to the agent after i.p. comparable to i.v. administration [20]. Since the emergence of this concept of i.p. administration with chemotherapy reported by Dedrick et al in 1978 [31], several phase II studies have confirmed the favorable trends obtained by these treatments in terms of overall and/or progression – free survival [32, 33]. Comparison between i.p. and i.v. treatments was undertaken in several randomized phase III clinical trials [26–28]. Recently, Armstrong et al [28] reported a highly significantly improvement in progression-free (24 months versus 18.3 months; p = 0.027) and overall survival (65.6 months versus 49.7 months; p = 0.017) with i.p. therapy. Because of the need to recover from surgery, the beginning of the i.p. chemotherapy is often delayed and performed at distance of surgery. The occurrence of adhesion barriers will be embarrassing for an optimal distribution of chemotherapy in the abdominal cavity. One should consider that the most frequent sites of recurrences are those where i.p. chemotherapy is unable to reach. Advocates of adhesion formation barriers could be used to limit their incidence but efficacy is not clearly demonstrated in this situation. Relying on these considerations, i.p. chemotherapy during surgery was suggested with the aim to improve results. The administration of i.p. chemotherapy during the surgery allows an optimal peritoneal cavity exposure warranted by the control of the surgeon who stirs the cisplatin liquid by hand inside the peritoneal cavity. This method presents the advantage to not require an i.p. catheter and to provide optimal diffusion. The aim of our study was to analyze its feasibility. One of our questions was to determine the optimal dose of i.p. cisplatin, knowing that standard regimen in i.p. clinical trial uses a dose of 50 to 100 mg/m2 cisplatin [24]. A search for optimizing the dose and schedule of intraperitoneal cisplatin was performed, with the aim to increase the intraperitoneal concentration and to limit the systemic spread. The addition of epinephrin in preclinical model have shown to achieve this goal and warrant further clinical studies [22]. The dose used in the present study issued from studies performed in 2005 regarding serum and i.p. pharmacokinetics of platin with intra-operative chemotherapy. This study concluded that cisplatin administered at the dose of 50 mg/m2 during 2 hours i.p. chemotherapy resulted in an early dramatic decrease in i.p. drug concentration, below the targeted threshold for activity within 15 minutes. The author suggested that performing twice 1 hour i.p. cisplatin chemotherapy should increase the length of peritoneal exposure to a local cytotoxic dose [21]. Relying on these results, we proposed in our study to perform i.p. chemotherapy in 2 consecutive one-hour administrations with cisplatin given at a dose of 90 mg. The present paper is the first demonstration of the feasibility for this modality of intra-operative i.p. chemotherapy. The described modalities of administration for i.p. chemotherapy enhance the distribution of cisplatin in the peritoneal cavity without inducing severe and non-manageable toxicities. Those results suggest further randomized clinical studies aimed to establish its benefit in terms of survival.

References

  1. Almadrones LA: Treatment advances in ovarian cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2003, 26: 16S-20S. 10.1097/00002820-200312001-00005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ozols RF: Update on the management of ovarian cancer. Cancer J. 2002, 8 (Suppl 1): S22-30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Carmignani CP, Sugarbaker PH: Comprehensive approach to advanced primary and recurrent ovarian cancer: a personal experience. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2004, 4: 477-487. 10.1586/14737140.4.3.477.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cannistra SA: Cancer of the ovary. N Engl J Med. 2004, 351: 2519-2529. 10.1056/NEJMra041842.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Thigpen T: The if and when of surgical debulking for ovarian carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2004, 351: 2544-2546. 10.1056/NEJMe048292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Stuart GC: First-line treatment regimens and the role of consolidation therapy in advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2003, 90: S8-15. 10.1016/S0090-8258(03)00472-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. McGuire WP, Hoskins WJ, Brady MF, Kucera PR, Partridge EE, Look KY, Clarke-Pearson DL, Davidson M: Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin compared with paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med. 1996, 334: 1-6. 10.1056/NEJM199601043340101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ozols RF, Bundy BN, Greer BE, Fowler JM, Clarke-Pearson D, Burger RA, Mannel RS, DeGeest K, Hartenbach EM, Baergen R: Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel compared with cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with optimally resected stage III ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2003, 21: 3194-3200. 10.1200/JCO.2003.02.153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Markman M: Intraperitoneal antineoplastic drug delivery: rationale and results. Lancet Oncol. 2003, 4: 277-283. 10.1016/S1470-2045(03)01074-X.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rossi CR, Mocellin S, Pilati P, Foletto M, Quintieri L, Palatini P, Lise M: Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cisplatin and doxorubicin. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2003, 12: 781-794. 10.1016/S1055-3207(03)00030-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Casper ES, Kelsen DP, Alcock NW, Lewis JL: Ip cisplatin in patients with malignant ascites: pharmacokinetic evaluation and comparison with the iv route. Cancer Treat Rep. 1983, 67: 235-238.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lopez JA, Krikorian JG, Reich SD, Smyth RD, Lee FH, Issell BF: Clinical pharmacology of intraperitoneal cisplatin. Gynecol Oncol. 1985, 20: 1-9. 10.1016/0090-8258(85)90118-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pretorius RG, Hacker NF, Berek JS, Ford LC, Hoeschele JD, Butler TA, Lagasse LD: Pharmacokinetics of Ip cisplatin in refractory ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rep. 1983, 67: 1085-1092.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Markman M, Rowinsky E, Hakes T, Reichman B, Jones W, Lewis JL, Rubin S, Curtin J, Barakat R, Phillips M: Phase I trial of intraperitoneal taxol: a Gynecoloic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1992, 10: 1485-1491.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Francis P, Rowinsky E, Schneider J, Hakes T, Hoskins W, Markman M: Phase I feasibility and pharmacologic study of weekly intraperitoneal paclitaxel: a Gynecologic Oncology Group pilot Study. J Clin Oncol. 1995, 13: 2961-2967.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. DeGregorio MW, Lum BL, Holleran WM, Wilbur BJ, Sikic BI: Preliminary observations of intraperitoneal carboplatin pharmacokinetics during a phase I study of the Northern California Oncology Group. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1986, 18: 235-238. 10.1007/BF00273393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Piccart MJ, Floquet A, Scarfone G, Willemse PH, Emerich J, Vergote I, Giurgea L, Coens C, Awada A, Vermorken JB: Intraperitoneal cisplatin versus no further treatment: 8-year results of EORTC 5 a randomized phase III study in ovarian cancer patients with a pathologically complete remission after platinum-based intravenous chemotherapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2003, 13 (Suppl 2): 196-203. 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2003.13360.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Segna RA, Dottino PR, Jennings TS, Cohen CJ: Feasibility of intraoperative administration of chemotherapy for gynecologic malignancies: assessment of acute postoperative morbidity. Gynecol Oncol. 1993, 48: 227-231. 10.1006/gyno.1993.1038.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ahmad SA, Kim J, Sussman JJ, Soldano DA, Pennington LJ, James LE, Lowy AM: Reduced morbidity following cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004, 11: 387-392. 10.1245/ASO.2004.09.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Royer B, Guardiola E, Polycarpe E, Hoizey G, Delroeux D, Combe M, Chaigneau L, Samain E, Chauffert B, Heyd B, Kantelip JP, Pivot X: Serum and intraperitoneal pharmacokinetics of cisplatin within intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy: influence of protein binding. Anticancer Drugs. 2005, 16: 1009-1016. 10.1097/01.cad.0000176505.94175.d4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Royer B, Delroeux D, Guardiola E, Combe M, Hoizey G, Montange D, Kantelip JP, Chauffert B, Heyd B, Pivot X: Improvement in intraperitoneal intraoperative cisplatin exposure based on pharmacokinetic analysis in patients with ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008, 61: 415-421. 10.1007/s00280-007-0484-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Duvillard C, Benoit L, Moretto P, Beltramo JL, Brunet-Lecomte P, Correia M, Sergent C, Chauffert B: Epinephrine enhances penetration and anti-cancer activity of local cisplatin on rat sub-cutaneous and peritoneal tumors. Int J Cancer. 1999, 81: 779-784. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990531)81:5<779::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-I.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kaplan EL, Meier P: Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958, 53: 457-481. 10.2307/2281868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Markman M, Walker JL: Intraperitoneal chemotherapy of ovarian cancer: a review, with a focus on practical aspects of treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24: 988-994. 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.2456.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Walker JL, Armstrong DK, Huang HQ, Fowler J, Webster K, Burger RA, Clarke-Pearson D: Intraperitoneal catheter outcomes in a phase III trial of intravenous versus intraperitoneal chemotherapy in optimal stage III ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol. 2006, 100: 27-32. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.11.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Alberts DS, Liu PY, Hannigan EV, O'Toole R, Williams SD, Young JA, Franklin EW, Clarke-Pearson DL, Malviya VK, DuBeshter B: Intraperitoneal cisplatin plus intravenous cyclophosphamide versus intravenous cisplatin plus intravenous cyclophosphamide for stage III ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med. 1996, 335: 1950-1955. 10.1056/NEJM199612263352603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Markman M, Bundy BN, Alberts DS, Fowler JM, Clark-Pearson DL, Carson LF, Wadler S, Sickel J: Phase III trial of standard-dose intravenous cisplatin plus paclitaxel versus moderately high-dose carboplatin followed by intravenous paclitaxel and intraperitoneal cisplatin in small-volume stage III ovarian carcinoma: an intergroup study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group, Southwestern Oncology Group, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2001, 19: 1001-1007.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Armstrong DK, Bundy B, Wenzel L, Huang HQ, Baergen R, Lele S, Copeland LJ, Walker JL, Burger RA: Intraperitoneal cisplatin and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006, 354: 34-43. 10.1056/NEJMoa052985.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Markman M: Intraperitoneal chemotherapy as treatment of ovarian carcinoma: why, how, and when?. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1987, 42: 533-539. 10.1097/00006254-198709000-00001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Dubbelman R, Aartsen E, Franklin H, McVie JG: Experimental and clinical results with intraperitoneal cisplatin. Semin Oncol. 1985, 12: 43-46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Dedrick RL, Myers CE, Bungay PM, DeVita VT: Pharmacokinetic rationale for peritoneal drug administration in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rep. 1978, 62: 1-11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Look M, Chang D, Sugarbaker PH: Long-term results of cytoreductive surgery for advanced and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancers and papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004, 14: 35-41. 10.1111/j.1048-891x.2004.14008.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Topuz E, Eralp Y, Saglam S, Saip P, Aydiner A, Berkman S, Yavuz E: Efficacy of intraperitoneal cisplatin as consolidation therapy in patients with pathologic complete remission following front-line therapy for epithelial ovarian cancer. Consolidative intraperitoneal cisplatin in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2004, 92: 147-151. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.10.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bernard Royer.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

EG conceived and participated to the design of the study, included patients, performed data analysis and interpretation, followed-up patients and write the manuscript DD included patients, performed surgery and intra-peritoneal chemotherapy, followed-up patients and participate to the data collection BH included patients, performed surgery and intra-peritoneal chemotherapy and followed-up patients MC performed intra-peritoneal chemotherapy and followed-up patients VL included patients, followed-up patients and participate to the data collection MD included patients, followed-up patients and participate to the data collection US included patients, followed-up patients and participate to the data collection BR conceived and participated to the design of the study, participated to interpretation and the writing of the manuscript BC conceived and participated to the design of the study, participated to data analysis, interpretation and the writing of the manuscript XP conceived and participated to the design of the study, participated to the writing of the manuscript, performed data analysis, statistical analysis and the interpretation All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Guardiola, E., Delroeux, D., Heyd, B. et al. Intra-operative intra-peritoneal chemotherapy with cisplatin in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of ovarian cancer. World J Surg Onc 7, 14 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-7-14

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-7-14

Keywords